Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects
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Abstract We study treatment-effect estimation using panel data. The treatment may be nonbinary, nonabsorbing, and the outcome may be affected by treatment lags. We make a parallel-trends assumption and propose event-study estimators of the effect of being exposed to a weakly higher treatment dose for ℓ periods. We also propose normalized estimators that estimate a weighted average of the effects of the current treatment and its lags. We also analyze commonly used two-way fixed-effects regressions. Unlike our estimators, they can be biased in the presence of heterogeneous treatment effects. A local-projection version of those regressions is biased even with homogeneous effects.