Causal Inference with Ranking Data: Application to Blame Attribution in Police Violence and Ballot Order Effects in Ranked-Choice Voting
排序数据的因果推断:警察暴力责任归因与排序投票中的选票顺序效应
While rankings are at the heart of social science research, little is known about how to analyze ranking data in experimental studies. This paper introduces a potential-outcomes framework to perform causal inference when outcome data are ranking data. It introduces a class of causal estimands tailored to ranked outcomes and develops methods for estimation and inference. Furthermore, it extends the framework to partially ranked data. I show that partial rankings can be…