Beyond Exchangeability: Distribution-Shift-Aware Integration of External Control Data in Randomized Trials
超越可交换性：随机试验中考虑分布偏移的外部对照整合
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating causal effects but are often costly and difficult to scale; consequently, they are frequently augmented with auxiliary external controls in many applications. Prior approaches for borrowing such data typically rely on exchangeability, under which the external controls are readily usable for inference in the trial population. In practice, however, differences in eligibility criteria, standard of care,…