Interval-valued circular time series: A toroidal score-driven approach with an application to wind direction
区间值圆周时间序列:环面得分驱动方法及其在风向中的应用
Circular data recorded over time, such as wind direction, are increasingly observed in intervals rather than as single point-valued observations, yet no existing framework accommodates data that are simultaneously circular, interval-valued, and temporally dependent. Time series models for point-valued circular data, including recently proposed score-driven approaches, assume that each observation is a single angle. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a dynamic…