Propensity Score Propagation: A General Framework for Design-Based Inference with Unknown Propensity Scores
倾向得分传播:未知倾向得分下基于设计的推断框架
Design-based inference, also known as randomization-based or finite-population inference, provides a principled framework for trustworthy statistical inference. It attributes randomness solely to the design mechanism, such as treatment assignment, survey sampling, or missingness, without imposing super-population distributional or modeling assumptions on the outcome data. From the seminal work of Fisher and Neyman to its recent resurgence, design-based inference has played a…