A Causal Framework for Evaluating Jointly Longitudinal Outcomes and Surrogate Markers: A State-Space Approach
纵向结局与替代标志物联合评价的因果状态空间框架
Surrogate markers offer the potential to reduce the burden of data collection by replacing costly or invasive primary outcomes with more accessible measurements, provided that they can faithfully indicate the effectiveness of a treatment. However, appropriate evaluation of a surrogate is particularly complex in longitudinal studies, where both outcomes and surrogates can evolve dynamically over time and interest lies not only in the treatment effect at one time, but rather…