Applying the Estimand and Target Trial frameworks to external control analyses using observational data: a case study in the solid tumor setting
将目标估计量与目标试验框架用于观察数据外部对照:实体瘤案例
In causal inference, the correct formulation of the scientific question of interest is a crucial step. Here we apply the estimand framework to a comparison of the outcomes of patient-level clinical trials and observational data to help structure the clinical question. In addition, we complement the estimand framework with the target trial framework to address specific issues in defining the estimand attributes using observational data and discuss synergies and differences of…