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疫苗效力衰减的简便高功效检验AI 解读

Determining whether vaccine efficacy wanes is important for individual and public decision making. Yet, quantification of waning is a subtle task. The classical approaches cannot be interpreted as measures of declining efficacy unless we impose unreasonable assumptions. Recently, formal causal estimands designed to quantify vaccine waning have been proposed. These estimands can be bounded under weaker assumptions, but the bounds are often too wide to make claims about the…

重复事件与竞争事件下的因果推断AI 解读

Many research questions concern treatment effects on outcomes that can recur several times in the same individual. For example, medical researchers are interested in treatment effects on hospitalizations in heart failure patients and sports injuries in athletes. Competing events, such as death, complicate causal inference in studies of recurrent events because once a competing event occurs, an individual cannot have more recurrent events. Several statistical estimands have…