Approximating Counterfactual Bounds while Fusing Observational, Biased and Randomised Data Sources
融合观察、偏倚与随机化数据以近似反事实界限
We address the problem of integrating data from multiple, possibly biased, observational and interventional studies, to eventually compute counterfactuals in structural causal models. We start from the case of a single observational dataset affected by a selection bias. We show that the likelihood of the available data has no local maxima. This enables us to use the causal expectation-maximisation scheme to approximate the bounds for partially identifiable counterfactual…