Randomization Inference When N Equals One
样本量为一时的随机化推断AI 解读 ↓
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样本量为一时的随机化推断AI 解读 ↓
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N-of-1 experiments, where a unit serves as its own control and treatment in different time windows, have been used in certain medical contexts for decades. However, due to effects that accumulate over long time windows and interventions that have complex evolution, a lack of robust inference tools has limited the widespread applicability of such N-of-1 designs. This work combines techniques from experiment design in causal inference and system identification from control theory to provide such an inference framework. We derive a model of the dynamic interference effect that arises in linear time-invariant dynamical systems. We show that a family of causal estimands analogous to those studied in potential outcomes are estimable via a standard estimator derived from the method of moments. We derive formulae for higher moments of this estimator and describe conditions under which N-of-1 designs may provide faster ways to estimate the effects of interventions in dynamical systems. We also provide conditions under which our estimator is asymptotically normal and derive valid confidence intervals for this setting.
空间混杂与干扰下直接因果效应估计的统一框架及 R 包 spaci
Estimating causal effects is challenging with observational data due to the lack of exchangeability, and is further complicated with spatial data. In real-life applications such as agricultural and environmental studies, unobserved spatial factors (spatial confounding, SC) and interactions of units in nearby locations (spatial interference, SI) commonly occur jointly, yet existing parametric methods address them separately. We develop a unified framework that treats both…
网络干扰下因果推断模型设定的随机化检验
Analysis of experimental data becomes challenging when the underlying population is connected by a network. Exposure mapping is a common tool in the literature for defining and estimating spillover effects. These mappings reduce the dimensionality of the estimand, thereby facilitating identifiability. It is assumed that this mapping is correctly specified, leaving the choice of the exposure mapping to the analyst. This makes estimators of the spillover effect, such as the…
因果推断的设计型理论
Causal inference, as a major research area in statistics and data science, plays a central role across diverse fields such as medicine, economics, education, and the social sciences. Design-based causal inference begins with randomized experiments and emphasizes conducting statistical inference by leveraging the known randomization mechanism, thereby enabling identification and estimation of causal effects under weak model dependence. Grounded in the seminal works of Fisher…
未知干扰下利用面板数据学习处理效应
When comparison units may also respond to treatment, panel comparisons reflect both the treatment effect and spillovers. If the interference pattern is unknown, observed outcomes alone do not separate the two. I characterize what can nevertheless be learned from panel outcomes under general restrictions, without requiring an exposure mapping or prior classification of affected donors. The framework scales validity bounds for every convex donor weight by its fit before…
双边市场实验中的随机化推断
Randomized experiments are increasingly employed in two-sided markets, such as buyer--seller platforms, to evaluate the effects of marketplace interventions. These experiments must reflect the underlying two-sided market structure in their design and can therefore be challenging to analyze. In this paper, we develop a randomization inference framework for outcomes from two-sided experiments, with a focus on testing and inference for two-sided spillover effects. Our approach…
一般网络干扰下能否验证反事实估计?
Randomized experiments have become a cornerstone of evidence-based decision-making in contexts ranging from online platforms to public health. However, in experimental settings with network interference, a unit's treatment can influence outcomes of other units, challenging both causal effect estimation and its validation. Classic validation approaches fail as outcomes are only observable under a single treatment scenario and exhibit complex correlation patterns due to…