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With the cointegration formulation of economic long–run relations the test for cointegrating rank has become a useful econometric tool. The limit distribution of the test is often a poor approximation to the finite sample distribution and it is therefore relevant to derive an approximation to the expectation of the likelihood ratio test for cointegration in the vector autoregressive model in order to improve the finite sample properties. The correction factor depends on…

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用信息准则选择协整秩与截距形式AI 解读

In this paper we consider a family of penalized likelihood criteria for determining the rank of the cointegration space, the number of lags, and the form of the intercept in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. The paper provides a general consistency result for a class of model determination procedures in which the penalty depends on a simple parameter count only.

时间序列统计推断的渐近理论AI 解读

Modern time series econometrics involves a diversity of models. In addition to the more traditional vector autoregressive (VAR) and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) systems, cointegration and unit root models are in widespread use for macroeconomic data, nonlinear and non-Gaussian models are popular for financial data, and long memory models are becoming more common in both macroeconomic and financial applications. Much econometric thought relates to issues of estimation…

结构向量自回归条件独立图的抽样性质AI 解读

Structural vector autoregressions allow contemporaneous series dependence and assume errors with no contemporaneous correlation. Models of this form, that also have a recursive structure, can be described by a directed acyclic graph. An important tool for identification of these models is the conditional independence graph constructed from the contemporaneous and lagged values of the process. We determine the large‐sample properties of statistics used to test for the…

对马尔可夫转换系数向量自回归过程性质一文的评论AI 解读

This paper discusses the stationarity conditions proposed by M. Yang (2000, Econometric Theory 16, 23–43), in the framework of Markov-switching first-order autoregressions. A weaker second-order stationarity assumption is proposed.

协整 I(2) VAR 系统中移动平均影响矩阵的渐近推断AI 解读

This paper provides asymptotic standard errors for the moving average (MA) impact matrix for the second differences of a vector autoregressive (VAR) process integrated of order 2, I (2). Standard errors of the row space of the MA impact matrix are also provided; bases of this row space define the common I (2) trends linear combinations. These standard errors are then used to formulate Wald-type tests. The MA impact matrix is shown to be linked to impact factors that measure…

基于扩散指数的宏观经济预测AI 解读

This article studies forecasting a macroeconomic time series variable using a large number of predictors. The predictors are summarized using a small number of indexes constructed by principal component analysis. An approximate dynamic factor model serves as the statistical framework for the estimation of the indexes and construction of the forecasts. The method is used to construct 6-, 12-, and 24-month ahead forecasts for eight monthly U.S. macroeconomic time series using…

一种在计量经济学中具有应用价值的分块求逆公式AI 解读

In this paper a novel partitioned inversion formula is obtained in terms of the orthogonal complements of off-diagonal blocks, with the emblematic matrix of unit-root econometrics emerging as the leading diagonal block of the inverse. The result paves the way to a straightforward derivation of a key result of vector autoregressive econometrics.

向量自回归与现实AI 解读

This article questions the statistical significance of variance decompositions and impulse response functions for unrestricted vector auto regressions. It suggests that previous authors have failed to provide confidence intervals for variance decompositions and impulse response functions. Two methods of computing such confidence intervals are developed: first, using a normal approximation; second, using bootstrapped resampling. An example from Sims's work is used to…

领先指标究竟领先什么AI 解读

Abstract We propose an optimal filter to transform the Conference Board Composite Leading Index (CLI) into recession probabilities in the US economy. We also analyse the CLI's accuracy at anticipating US output growth. We compare the predictive performance of linear, VAR extensions of smooth transition regression and switching regimes, probit, non‐parametric models and conclude that a combination of the switching regimes and non‐parametric forecasts is the best strategy at…

The properties of a range of maximum eigenvalue and trace tests for the cointegrating rank of a vector autoregressive process are compared. The tests are all likelihood ratio-type tests and operate under different assumptions regarding the deterministic part of the data generation process. The asymptotic distributions under local alternatives are given and the local power is derived. It is found that the local power of corresponding maximum eigenvalue and trace tests is very…

无需向量自回归的简易协整秩检验AI 解读

This paper proposes a fully nonparametric test for cointegrating rank which does not require estimation of a vector autoregressive model. The test exploits the fact that the degeneracy in the moment matrix of the variables with mixed integration order corresponds to the notion of cointegration. With an appropriate standardization, the test statistics are shown to have a nuisance parameter free limiting distribution and to be consistent under reasonable conditions. Monte…

美国牺牲率的结构估计AI 解读

This article investigates the statistical properties of the U.S. sacrifice ratio--the cumulative output loss arising from a permanent reduction in inflation. We derive estimates of the sacrifice ratio from three structural vector autoregression models and then conduct a series of simulation exercises to analyze their sampling distribution. We obtain point estimates of the sacrifice ratio that are consistent with results reported in earlier studies. However, the estimates are…

协整向量自回归模型长短期关系的识别与划分AI 解读

We show that the usual rank condition is necessary and sufficient to identify a vector autoregressive process whether the variables are I (0) or I ( d ) for d = 1,2,.... We then use this rank condition to demonstrate the interdependence between the identification of short-run and long-run relations of cointegrated process. We find that both the short-run and long-run relations can be identified without the existence of prior information to identify either relation. But if…

改进政策分析用VAR模型的联邦基金利率预测AI 解读

Federal-funds rate-forecast errors from vector autoregressive (VAR) models used for monetary policy analysis and fitted by ordinary least squares (OLS) are large relative to those from the futures market. Using three different structural VAR models, we show that forecasts based on a shrinkage estimator dominate the OLS-based forecasts--even after restricting the lag length and/or imposing exact unit-root restrictions--and are broadly comparable to the futures-market…

小型开放经济中的货币政策分析与通胀目标制：VAR 方法AI 解读

Abstract Empirical monetary policy research has increased in the last decade, possibly because deregulation and explicit monetary targets have made monetary policy issues more interesting. In particular, within the inflation targeting framework it has been argued that inflation forecasts can be used as optimal intermediate targets for monetary policy, and the development of empirical models that have good forecasting properties is therefore important. This paper shows that a…

经济活动的自动先行指标：欧洲国家GDP增长预测AI 解读

In the construction of a leading indicator model of economic activity, economists must select among a pool of variables which lead output growth. Usually the pool of variables is large and a selection of a subset must be carried out. This paper proposes an automatic leading indicator model which, rather than preselection, uses a dynamic factor model to summarize the information content of a pool of variables. Results using quarterly data for France, Germany, Italy and the…

冲击与脉冲响应函数的估计AI 解读

Abstract This paper examines the issue of how to identify the shocks in a cointegrated VAR when the following assumptions are made: the variables can be classified as endogenous or exogenous, there are as many cointegrating relations as endogenous variables, the cointegrating vectors are identified and they contain at least one exogenous variable. It is shown that with these assumptions it is possible to identify the shocks without the use of further restrictions on the…

时间序列计量经济学史中的误差项AI 解读

We argue that many methodological confusions in time-series econometrics may be seen as arising out of ambivalence or confusion about the error terms. Relationships between macroeconomic time series are inexact, and, inevitably, the early econometricians found that any estimated relationship would only fit with errors. Slutsky interpreted these errors as shocks that constitute the motive force behind business cycles. Frisch tried to dissect the errors further into two parts:…

协整关系含非线性时间趋势的向量自回归模型：统计推断AI 解读

This paper continues the work of Saikkonen (2001, Econometric Theory 17, 296–326) and develops an asymptotic theory of statistical inference in cointegrated vector autoregressive models with nonlinear time trends in cointegrating relations and general nonlinear parameter restrictions. Inference on parameters in cointegrating relations and short-run dynamics is studied separately. It is shown that Gaussian maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in cointegrating relations…

协整关系含非线性时间趋势的向量自回归模型：一致估计AI 解读

This paper studies the consistency of the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimator in a cointegrated vector autoregressive model with nonlinear time trends in cointegrating relations. The results are proved in a coordinate free framework that readily allows for general nonlinear parameter restrictions and makes it possible to show the consistency of reduced form parameter estimators without assuming identifiability of underlying structural parameters. Various consistency…

汇率存在长期可预测性吗？AI 解读

Several authors have recently investigated the predictability of exchange rates by fitting a sequence of long-horizon error-correction equations. We show by means of a simulation study that, in small to medium samples, inference from this regression procedure depends on the null hypothesis that is used to generate empirical critical values. The standard assumption of a stationary error-correction term between exchange rates and fundamentals biases the results in favor of…

多元自回归序列中二次型的联合矩母函数AI 解读

Let { X t } follow a discrete Gaussian vector autoregression with deterministic components. We derive the exact finite-sample joint moment generating function (MGF) of the quadratic forms that form the basis for the sufficient statistic. The formula is then specialized to the limiting MGF of functionals involving multivariate and univariate Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes, drifts, and time trends. Such processes arise asymptotically from more general non-Gaussian processes and…