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摘要暂缺

智慧城市：生活质量、生产率与人力资本的增长效应AI 解读

From 1940 to 1990, a 10% increase in a metropolitan area's concentration of college-educated residents was associated with a 0.8% increase in subsequent employment growth. Instrumental variables estimates support a causal relationship between college graduates and employment growth, but show no evidence of an effect of high school graduates. Using data on growth in wages, rents, and house values, I calibrate a neoclassical city growth model and find that roughly 60% of the…

工具变量回归中最优的双侧不变相似检验AI 解读

This paper considers tests of the parameter on an endogenous variable in an instrumental variables regression model. The focus is on determining tests that have some optimal power properties. We start by considering a model with normally distributed errors and known error covariance matrix. We consider tests that are similar and satisfy a natural rotational invariance condition. We determine a two-sided power envelope for invariant similar tests. This allows us to assess and…

利用北卡罗来纳州面板数据估计犯罪经济模型AI 解读

Abstract This paper replicates the Cornwell and Trumbull ( 1994 ) estimation of a crime model using panel data on 90 counties in North Carolina over the period 1981–1987. While the Between and Within estimates are replicated, the fixed effects 2SLS as well as the 2SLS estimates are not. In fact, the fixed effects 2SLS estimates turn out to be insignificant for all important deterrent variables as well as legal opportunity variables. We argue that the usual Hausman test,…

已实现方差与市场微观结构噪声AI 解读

We study market microstructure noise in high-frequency data and analyze its implications for the realized variance (RV) under a general specification for the noise. We show that kernel-based estimators can unearth important characteristics of market microstructure noise and that a simple kernel-based estimator dominates the RV for the estimation of integrated variance (IV). An empirical analysis of the Dow Jones Industrial Average stocks reveals that market microstructure…

含内生解释变量的非参数线性模型中的若干识别问题AI 解读

In applied work economists often seek to relate a given response variable y to some causal parameter μ* associated with it. This parameter usually represents a summarization based on some explanatory variables of the distribution of y, such as a regression function, and treating it as a conditional expectation is central to its identification and estimation. However, the interpretation of μ* as a conditional expectation breaks down if some or all of the explanatory variables…

工具变量识别下参数模型相对于非参数备择的检验AI 解读

This paper is concerned with inference about a function g that is identified by a conditional moment restriction involving instrumental variables. The paper presents a test of the hypothesis that g belongs to a finite-dimensional parametric family against a nonparametric alternative. The test does not require nonparametric estimation of g and is not subject to the ill-posed inverse problem of nonparametric instrumental variables estimation. Under mild conditions, the test is…

多矩条件下的广义矩估计AI 解读

This paper provides a first order asymptotic theory for generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators when the number of moment conditions is allowed to increase with the sample size and the moment conditions may be weak. Examples in which these asymptotics are relevant include instrumental variable (IV) estimation with many (possibly weak or uninformed) instruments and some panel data models covering moderate time spans and with correspondingly large numbers of…

存在工具变量时的非参数推断方法AI 解读

We suggest two nonparametric approaches, based on kernel methods and orthogonal series to estimating regression functions in the presence of instrumental variables. For the first time in this class of problems, we derive optimal convergence rates, and show that they are attained by particular estimators. In the presence of instrumental variables the relation that identifies the regression function also defines an ill-posed inverse problem, the “difficulty” of which depends…

This paper evaluates the importance of "property rights institutions," which protect citizens against expropriation by the government and powerful elites, and "contracting institutions," which enable private contracts between citizens. We exploit exogenous variation in both types of institutions driven by colonial history and document strong first‐stage relationships between property rights institutions and the determinants of European colonization strategy (settler…

大量弱工具变量下的一致估计AI 解读

This paper analyzes the conditions under which consistent estimation can be achieved in instrumental variables (IV) regression when the available instruments are weak and the number of instruments, Kn, goes to infinity with the sample size. We show that consistent estimation depends importantly on the strength of the instruments as measured by rn, the rate of growth of the so-called concentration parameter, and also on Kn. In particular, when Kn→∞, the concentration…

语言技能回报的非参数界限AI 解读

Abstract This paper applies the theoretical literature on nonparametric bounds on treatment effects to the estimation of how limited English proficiency (LEP) affects wages and employment opportunities for Hispanic workers in the United States. I analyse the identifying power of several weak assumptions on treatment response and selection, and stress the interactions between LEP and education, occupation and immigration status. I show that the combination of two weak but…

面板数据的工具变量估计AI 解读

The system two stage least squares estimator for the linear panel data model is shown to have different characterizations depending on the choice of instrument matrix. The more general estimator, where, in effect, separate reduced form linear projections are estimated for each time period, also has the advantage of being applicable when the number of instruments changes across time periods. The issue of efficient estimation is also treated.

部分、弱与强识别下的广义经验似然估计与检验AI 解读

The purpose of this paper is to describe the performance of generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) methods for time series instrumental variable models specified by nonlinear moment restrictions as in Stock and Wright (2000, Econometrica 68, 1055–1096) when identification may be weak. The paper makes two main contributions. First, we show that all GEL estimators are first-order equivalent under weak identification. The GEL estimator under weak identification is inconsistent…

摘要暂缺

可能存在弱工具变量的线性结构模型中的投影统计推断AI 解读

It is well known that standard asymptotic theory is not applicable or is very unreliable in models with identification problems or weak instruments. One possible way out consists of using a variant of the Anderson–Rubin ((1949), AR) procedure. The latter allows one to build exact tests and confidence sets only for the full vector of the coefficients of the endogenous explanatory variables in a structural equation, but not for individual coefficients. This problem may in…

不假定参数已识别的 GMM 参数检验AI 解读

We propose a generalized method of moments (GMM) Lagrange multiplier statistic, i.e., the K statistic, that uses a Jacobian estimator based on the continuous updating estimator that is asymptotically uncorrelated with the sample average of the moments. Its asymptotic χ-super-2 distribution therefore holds under a wider set of circumstances, like weak instruments, than the standard full rank case for the expected Jacobian under which the asymptotic χ-super-2 distributions of…

企业杠杆是否不足？杠杆对违约概率的影响AI 解读

ABSTRACT A commonly held view in corporate finance is that firms are less leveraged than they should be, given the potentially large tax benefits of debt. In this paper, I study the effect of firms' leverage on default probabilities as represented by the firms' ratings. Using an instrumental variable approach, I find that the leverage's effect on ratings is three times stronger than it is if the endogeneity of leverage is ignored. This stronger effect results in a higher…

结构方程、处理效应与计量经济政策评估AI 解读

This paper uses the marginal treatment effect (MTE) to unify the nonparametric literature on treatment effects with the econometric literature on structural estimation using a nonparametric analog of a policy invariant parameter; to generate a variety of treatment effects from a common semiparametric functional form; to organize the literature on alternative estimators; and to explore what policy questions commonly used estimators in the treatment effect literature answer. A…

利用企业家努力与财富检验代理理论AI 解读

ABSTRACT We develop a principal‐agent model in an entrepreneurial setting and test the model's predictions using unique data on entrepreneurial effort and wealth in privately held firms. Accounting for unobserved firm heterogeneity using instrumental‐variables techniques, we find that entrepreneurial ownership shares increase with outside wealth and decrease with firm risk; effort increases with ownership; and effort increases firm performance. The magnitude of the effects…

动态面板数据模型中的偏误修正估计AI 解读

This study develops a new bias-corrected estimator for the fixed-effects dynamic panel data model and derives its limiting distribution for finite number of time periods, T, and large number of cross-section units, N. The bias-corrected estimator is derived as a bias correction of the least squares dummy variable (within) estimator. It does not share some of the drawbacks of recently developed instrumental variables and generalized method-of-moments estimators and is…

食品消费截面与时间序列弹性的面板及伪面板估计AI 解读

This article addresses the problem of the bias of income and expenditure elasticities estimated on pseudopanel data caused by measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity. We gauge these biases empirically by comparing cross-sectional, pseudo-panel, and true panel data from both Polish and U.S. expenditure surveys. Our results suggest that unobserved heterogeneity imparts a downward bias to cross-section estimates of income elasticities of at-home food expenditures and an…

(a) Let , where Q is the fixed effects (FE) transformation given by Q = I NT − P with P = I N [otimes ] ι T ι T ′/ T .