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从前测到后测的数据流失：一个样本选择问题AI 解读

When estimating regression models of educational achievement with pre- and posttest data, researchers have overlooked a sample selection bias that may occur even where initial assignment to the control and experimental groups is random. The bias arises because students who take the pretest but do not take the posttest are excluded from the regression analysis. Using data from a nationally normed test of high school student knowledge of economics, adjustment for this bias is…

任意收入水平下生活成本指数的计算AI 解读

A method for computing (approximate) cost-of-living index numbers for arbitrary reference income levels is presented. It combines the use of fairly disaggregated data with a relatively modest use of econometric methods. The basis ingredients are (1) a series of chained Tornqvist price index numbers relating to per capital total expenditure, (2) price index numbers for the commodities distinguished, and (3) the income parameters of a differential demand system. This method…

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经济效率的测量AI 解读

Abstract This paper considers a system consisting of a production frontier and factor share equations to measure firm‐specific technical efficiency and input‐specific allocative efficiency simulataneously. In estimating the system as a whole, the joint distribution of all errors in the equations is used. This is more efficient than using the marginal distribution of a function of the errors as one does by estimating either the profit function of the production function…

非平衡面板下随机前沿系统的估计：埃及地砖制造业案例AI 解读

Abstract A generalized stochastic frontier system is fitted with unbalanced panel data of Egyptian floor tileries and estimated using OLS, ‘within’, feasible GLS, and maximum likelihood. Hausman tests indicate ‘within’ is the correct estimator for the data. Estimates of firm‐level technical and allocative inefficiencies (and their costs) are presented for each of the estimators. Finally, sources of technical inefficiency are investigated.

不等间隔纵向数据中的序列相关AI 解读

Serial correlation in the within subject error structure in longitudinal data with unequally spaced observations is modelled using continuous time autoregressive moving averages. The models considered have both fixed and random effects in addition to serially correlated within subject errors. Two approaches are presented for calculating the exact likelihood for a model when the errors are Gaussian. The first calculates the covariance matrices for each subject for assumed…

关于 Wei 临床试验偏置硬币设计的统计推断AI 解读

Wei (1988) analyzed data from a clinical trial in which an urn-sampling model was used to allocate patients to treatments. The trial resulted in 11 patients being allocated to the experimental treatment, all successes, and with one patient allocated to the control treatment, a failure. Wei analyzed these data using a randomization algorithm and concluded that the results were almost significant at p = 0·051. He asserted that an analysis which ignored the design and presumed…

使用二次指数模型的相关二元回归AI 解读

A model of quadratic exponential form is parameterized in terms of marginal means and pairwise correlations for the regression analysis of correlated binary data. Pseudo-maximum likelihood methods using a special case termed the multiplicative model are proposed, but are noted to be computationally unattractive if the ‘blocks’ of correlated responses are at all large. On the other hand score estimating functions for mean and correlation parameters are shown to be of a…

偏斜总体的稳健分位数估计量AI 解读

In this study we propose quantile estimators for a variety of skewed distributions. The proposed estimators are based on the biweight estimators for symmetric populations (Horn, 1988). These achieve good coverage across a wide variety of skewed populations, even for sample sizes as small as ten.

利用辅助信息估计调查数据的分布函数与分位数AI 解读

SUMMARY Ratio and difference estimators of a population distribution function under a general sampling design are obtained, using auxiliary population information. The relative mean errors and relative mean square errors of these estimators and a model-based estimator of Chambers & Dunstan (1986) are compared through a simulation study. The advantages of the design-based estimators over the model-based estimator under model misspecifications, especially for large samples,…

边际齐性模型设计矩阵的构造AI 解读

Suppose that a homogeneous group of n subjects is observed on T occasions. Each subject has one of K levels of response at each of the T occasions. The cross-classification of the recorded responses over time forms a KT contingency table. This paper discusses the design matrix for the marginal homogeneity model, which assumes that the first-order marginal probabilities at each time are equal. The marginal homogeneity model is a linear model for the vector of cell…

分离重复流感暴发中的两种依赖来源AI 解读

Two or more responses measured on a randomly selected individual can be dependent for two quite different reasons. In the first place they can be dependent within, that is conditional upon, each individual. Secondly, dependence is created simply from the heterogeneity between individuals. This paper addresses a rare instance of being able to measure separately the dependence from the two sources. The data comprise frequencies of the infection profiles for a sample of…

极值指数估计与高分位数估计AI 解读

This paper consists of two parts. An easy proof is given for the weak consistency of Pickands' estimate for the main parameter of an extreme-value distribution. Moreover, further natural conditions are given for strong consistency and for asymptotic normality of the estimate. Next a large quantile of a distribution is estimated by a combination of extreme or intermediate order statistics. This leads to an asymptotic confidence interval.

经验函数的自助法AI 解读

We develop the complete bootstrapped parallel to the asymptotic theory of weighted empirical and quantile processes. Utilizing this parallel theory, we present a general body of techniques to establish the asymptotic validity of the bootstrap method of constructing confidence bands for statistical functions. These techniques are demonstrated to be applicable to the construction of asymptotic bootstrap confidence bands for a variety of concrete functions.

时期总生育率预测：微观动态新古典生育模型的时间序列性质AI 解读

"This article demonstrates the value of microdata for understanding the effect of wages on life cycle fertility dynamics. Conventional estimates of neoclassical economic fertility models obtained from linear aggregate time series regressions are widely criticized for being nonrobust when adjusted for serial correlation. Moreover, the forecasting power of these aggregative neoclassical models has been shown to be inferior when compared with conventional time series models…

不规则纵向数据中发生率与诊断误差率的联合估计AI 解读

Longitudinal studies often involve the repeated diagnosis across time of each patient's status with respect to a progressive categorical process. When the occurrence of a change in status is not readily apparent, two factors can make modeling and assessing the incidence rates of progression difficult. First, because diagnoses may be difficult, they may not be performed with the frequency necessary to pinpoint exact times of incidence. Second, uncertainty in the diagnostic…

总量时期生育率预测：微观动态新古典生育模型的时间序列性质AI 解读

This article demonstrates the value of microdata for understanding the effect of wages on life cycle fertility dynamics. Conventional estimates of neoclassical economic fertility models obtained from linear aggregate time series regressions are widely criticized for being nonrobust when adjusted for serial correlation. Moreover, the forecasting power of these aggregative neoclassical models has been shown to be inferior when compared with conventional time series models that…

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利用辅助回归检验估计量的一致性AI 解读

We consider several issues related to Durbin-Wu-Hausman tests; that is, tests based on the comparison of two sets of parameter estimates. We first review a number of results about these tests in linear regression models, discuss what determines their power, and propose a simple way to improve power in certain cases. We then show how in a general nonlinear setting they may be computed as “score” tests by means of slightly modified versions of any artificial linear regression…

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辅助性与联立方程中单个结构方程的有限信息最大似然估计AI 解读

The concepts of the curved exponential family of distributions and ancillarity are applied to estimation problems of a single structural equation in a simultaneous equation model, and the effect of conditioning on ancillary statistics on the limited information maximum-likelihood (LIML) estimator is investigated. The asymptotic conditional covariance matrix of the LIML estimator conditioned on the second-order asymptotic maximal ancillary statistic is shown to be efficiently…