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微观层面的贫困与不平等估计AI 解读

Recent theoretical advances have brought income and wealth distributions back into a prominent position in growth and development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes, such as health or levels of violence. Empirical investigation of the importance of these relationships, however, has been held back by the lack of sufficiently detailed high quality data on distributions. Household surveys that include reasonable measures of income or consumption…

随机占优的一致检验AI 解读

Methods are proposed for testing stochastic dominance of any pre–specified order, with primary interest in the distributions of income. We consider consistent tests, that are similar to Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, of the complete set of restrictions that relate to the various forms of stochastic dominance. For such tests, in the case of tests for stochastic dominance beyond first order, we propose and justify a variety of approaches to inference based on simulation and the…

样本选择模型的非参数估计AI 解读

Sample selection models provide an important way of accounting for economic decisions that combine discrete and continuous choices and of correcting for nonrandom sampling. Nonparametric estimators for these models are developed in this paper. These can be used for estimating shapes and important economic quantities, as in standard nonparametric regression. Endogeneity of regressors of interest is allowed for. Series estimators for these models are developed, which are…

具有多重均衡的不完全联立离散响应模型AI 解读

A bivariate simultaneous discrete response model which is a stochastic representation of equilibria in a two-person discrete game is studied. The presence of multiple equilibria in the underlying discrete game maps into a region for the exogenous variables where the model predicts a nonunique outcome. This is an example of an incomplete econometric structure. Economists using this model have made simplifying assumptions to avoid multiplicity. I make a distinction between…

分类因变量的灵活协方差结构：广义极值模型的有限混合AI 解读

miks), is introduced. These arise from the combination of a finite number of core Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models to achieve more flexible functional forms, particularly in terms of error covariance structures. Example members of the class include combinations of (1) Multinomial Logit (MNL) models with differing scales, (2) multinomial logit with nested MNL models, (3) tree extreme value models with differing preference trees, and so on. Compatibility of FinMix models…

利用辅助信息构造权重以调整样本选择AI 解读

sample is not a random draw from the population of interest. Auxiliary information, in the form of moments from the population of interest, is exploited to compute weights that are proportional to the inverse probability of selection. The essential idea is to construct weights for each observation in the primary data such that the moments of the weighted data are set equal to the additional moments. The estimator is applied to the Dutch Transportation Panel, in which…

用倾向得分匹配估计反贫困项目的受益分布AI 解读

problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80% are in the poorest…

第一价格拍卖最优保留价的半参数估计AI 解读

generally expressed as a functional of the latent distribution of private signals, which is by nature unobserved. This feature has limited the implementation of the optimal reserve price in practice. In this article, we consider first-price auctions within the general affiliated private values paradigm. We show that the seller's expected profit can be written as a functional of the observed bid distribution. We propose a semiparametric extremum estimator for estimating…

贝叶斯推断的非参数应用AI 解读

Bayesian inference by presenting two applications. Our first application considers an educational choice problem. We focus on obtaining a predictive distribution for earnings corresponding to various levels of schooling. This predictive distribution incorporates the parameter uncertainty, so that it is relevant for decision making under uncertainty in the expected utility framework of microeconomics. The second application is to quantile regression. Our point here is to…

是否存在 Riverside 奇迹？利用分组数据评估项目的层级框架AI 解读

sites. Two frequently used methods are pooling the data or using fixed effects (an extreme version of which estimates separate models for each site). The former approach ignores site effects. The latter incorporates site effects but lacks a framework for predicting the impact of subsequent implementations of the program (e.g., would a new implementation resemble Riverside?). I present a hierarchical model that lies between these two extremes. Using data from the Greater…

预防性动机与家庭投资组合决策AI 解读

Abstract This paper studies the empirical relevance of precautionary and other motives for household portfolio behaviour using recent panel data from the Netherlands. Dutch households' portfolios exhibit low degrees of risk taking and diversification. It is possible that this is the outcome of a rational, precautionary response to unavoidable exposure to background risk (stemming from the labour market or health conditions, etc.). We consider as alternative explanations…

具有潜在治疗生效滞后时间的加性风险模型AI 解读

In many clinical trials for evaluating treatment efficacy, it is believed that there may exist latent treatment effectiveness lag times after which medical treatment procedure or chemical compound would be in full effect. In this paper, semiparametric regression models are proposed and studied for estimating the treatment effect accounting for such latent lag times. The new models take advantage of the invariant property of the additive hazards model in marginalising over an…

纵向数据估计方程方法中可忽略缺失的检验AI 解读

We address the matter of determining whether or not missing data in longitudinal studies are ignorable with regard to quasilikelihood or estimating equations approaches. This involves testing for whether or not the zero‐mean property of estimating equations holds true. Chen & Little (1999) proposed testing for significant differences among parameter estimators calculated from sample subsets with different patterns of missing data, whereas we propose a more unified…

无需干扰参数的多项Probit估计AI 解读

A feasible multinomial estimation procedure is derived, which does not require parameterization of the elements in the covariance matrix. The estimation is carried out using a simulated expectation-maximization algorithm, where the covariance structure is evaluated based on a set of score functions, while the structural coefficients are derived using standard multinomial probit (MNP) conditional on the given covariance structure. This methodology is demonstrated using a…

非平衡双向误差分量回归模型的替代估计量比较AI 解读

This paper considers the unbalanced two-way error component model studied by Wansbeek and Kapteyn (1989). Alternative analysis of variance (ANOVA), minimum norm quadratic unbiased and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation procedures are proposed. The mean squared error performance of these estimators are compared using Monte Carlo experiments. Results show that for the estimates of the variance components, the computationally more demanding maximum likelihood (ML)…

自回归面板数据模型的投影估计量AI 解读

In this paper we explore a new approach to estimation for autoregressive panel data models, based on projecting the unobserved individual effects on the vector of observations on the lagged dependent variable. This approach yields estimators which coincide with known generalized method of moments estimators for models where stationarity is not imposed on the initial conditions and for models which satisfy mean stationarity. Our approach allows us to obtain a simple linear…

纵向数据的简约协方差矩阵估计AI 解读

This article proposes a data-driven method to identify parsimony in the covariance matrix of longitudinal data and to exploit any such parsimony to produce a statistically efficient estimator of the covariance matrix. The approach parameterizes the covariance matrix through the Cholesky decomposition of its inverse. For longitudinal data, this is a one-step-ahead predictive representation, and the Cholesky factor is likely to have off-diagonal elements that are zero or close…

含删失与协变量测量误差的非线性混合效应联合模型：艾滋病研究应用AI 解读

In recent years AIDS researchers have shown great interest in the study of HIV viral dynamics. Nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLMEs) have been proposed for modeling intrapatient and interpatient variations in viral load measurements. The interpatient variation often receives great attention and may be partially explained by time-varying covariates, such as CD4 cell counts. Statistical analyses in these studies are complicated by the following problems: (a) the viral load…

半参数线性混合模型的独立同分布蒙特卡洛算法AI 解读

Hybrid versions of independent and identically distributed weighted Chinese restaurant (WCR) algorithms are developed for inference in semiparametric linear mixed models under minimal assumptions for the random-effects distributions. The WCR method of working with the posterior partition structure leads to Rao–Blackwell estimates for higher-order moments of random effects, such as skewness and kurtosis, and can be used to estimate densities for random effects. A key feature…

社会网络分析的潜在空间方法AI 解读

Network models are widely used to represent relational information among interacting units. In studies of social networks, recent emphasis has been placed on random graph models where the nodes usually represent individual social actors and the edges represent the presence of a specified relation between actors. We develop a class of models where the probability of a relation between actors depends on the positions of individuals in an unobserved “social space.” We make…

聚类不完整纵向数据的边际分析方法AI 解读

Inverse probability–weighted generalized estimating equations are commonly used to deal with incomplete longitudinal data arising from a missing-at-random mechanism when the marginal means are of primary interest. In many cases, however, the repeated measurements themselves may arise in clusters, which leads to both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal correlation structure. In some applications, the degree of these types of correlation may become of scientific interest.…

品牌选择行为的半参数估计AI 解读

In the marketing literature there does not seem to be a widely accepted answer to the question of whether, when purchasing brands in a given product category, consumers react differently to a reduction in price and an increase in the deal discount. Previous studies that have attempted to address this issue have assumed that prices and deals have a linear effect on a brand's indirect utility. In this article, we estimate the utility of price and discount nonparametrically.…

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产品差异化寡头市场中的竞争结果AI 解读

This paper analyzes the effect of market concentration and product differentiation on the observed outcomes of competition among oligopolists. The empirical framework is designed to examine whether competition is less intense in markets with equal levels of concentration but more differentiation among the products offered. A two-stage estimation procedure is proposed to address the endogeneity problem inherent in comparing outcomes across different market structures. I…