Information technology outsourcing and firm productivity: eliminating bias from selective missingness in the dependent variable
信息技术外包与企业生产率：消除因变量选择性缺失带来的偏差
Summary Missing values are a major problem in all econometric applications based on survey data. A standard approach assumes data are missing at random and uses imputation methods or even listwise deletion. This approach is justified if item nonresponse does not depend on the potentially missing variables’ realization. However, assuming missingness at random may introduce bias if nonresponse is, in fact, selective. Relevant applications range from financial or strategic…