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Abstract In Spring 2005, the Ombud for Equal Treatment in Austria launched a campaign notifying employers and newspapers that gender preferences in job ads were illegal. At the time, over 40% of vacancies on the nation’s largest job board stated a gender preference; within a year the rate fell below 5%. We merge job board vacancies and employer records to study how the campaign affected hiring choices and the gender diversity of occupations and workplaces. Using pre-campaign…

雇主政策与移民和本地人的收入差距AI 解读

We use longitudinal data from the income tax system to study the impacts of firms’ employment and wage-setting policies on the level and change in immigrant–native wage differences in Canada. We focus on immigrants who arrived in the early 2000s, distinguishing between those with and without a college degree from two broad groups of countries – the U.S., the U.K. and Northern Europe, and the rest of the world. Consistent with a growing literature based on the two-way fixed…

断点回归设计中的局部多项式阶数选择AI 解读

Treatment effect estimates in regression discontinuity (RD) designs are often sensitive to the choice of bandwidth and polynomial order, the two important ingredients of widely used local regression methods. While Imbens and Kalyanaraman and Calonico, Cattaneo, and Titiunik provided guidance on bandwidth, the sensitivity to polynomial order still poses a conundrum to RD practitioners. It is understood in the econometric literature that applying the argument of bias reduction…

经济学家获得同行认可的性别差异AI 解读

We study the selection of Fellows of the Econometric Society, using a new data set of publications and citations for over 40,000 actively publishing economists since the early 1900s. Conditional on achievement, we document a large negative gap in the probability that women were selected as Fellows in the 1933–1979 period. This gap became positive (though not statistically significant) from 1980 to 2010, and in the past decade has become large and highly significant, with…

广义回归折点设计中的因果效应推断AI 解读

A.1. Proofs of Propositions 1 and 2IN ORDER TO PROVE PROPOSITION 1, we first present and prove the following lemmas.LEMMA 1: Let ϕ(x t) : I × [c d] → R, where I is a compact subset of R m .Suppose ϕ(x t) and its partial derivative, ϕ 2 (x t), are continuous and that ϕ is integrable with respect to the probability measure α for each t.Then f (t) = ϕ(x t) dα(x) is continuously differentiable on [c d].PROOF: By Theorem 5 (p.97) of Roussas (2004), f (t) = ϕ 2 (x t) dα(x) for all…

长期福利领取者收入补贴的动态效应：自立项目申请者实验的证据AI 解读

In the Self Sufficiency Project Applicant Experiment, new welfare entrants were informed that if they remained on public assistance for a year they would become eligible to receive a generous earnings subsidy offer. Those who satisfied the waiting period, and then left welfare and began working full time within the following year, were entitled to receive payments for up to 36 months whenever they were off welfare and working full time. A simple optimizing model suggests…

存在设定误差时的回归不连续推断AI 解读

A regression discontinuity (RD) research design is appropriate for program evaluation problems in which treatment status (or the probability of treatment) depends on whether an observed covariate exceeds a fixed threshold. In many applications the treatment-determining covariate is discrete. This makes it impossible to compare outcomes for observations "just above" and "just below" the treatment threshold, and requires the researcher to choose a functional form for the…

对福利退出者提供限时工资补贴的效应估计AI 解读

In the Self Sufficiency Project (SSP) welfare demonstration, members of a randomly assigned treatment group could receive a subsidy for full-time work. The subsidy was available for 3 years, but only to people who began working full time within 12 months of random assignment. A simple optimizing model suggests that the eligibility rules created an “establishment” incentive to find a job and leave welfare within a year of random assignment, and an “entitlement” incentive to…

估计教育回报：若干长期计量问题的研究进展AI 解读

This paper reviews a set of recent studies that have attempted to measure the causal effect of education on labor market earnings by using institutional features of the supply side of the education system as exogenous determinants of schooling outcomes. A simple theoretical model that highlights the role of comparative advantage in the optimal schooling decision is presented and used to motivate an extended discussion of econometric issues, including the properties of…

工会对工资结构的影响：纵向分析AI 解读

This paper studies the effects of unions on the structure of wages using an estimation technique that accounts for misclassification errors in reported union status and potential correlations between union status and unobserved productivity. The model is estimated separately for five skill groups using a panel data set formed from the U.S. Current Population Survey. The results suggest that unions raise wages more for workers with lower levels of observed skills. Union…

劳动收入与工时变化的协方差结构AI 解读

This paper presents an empirical analysis of individual earnings and hours data from three different longitudinal surveys. In the first part of the paper, the authors catalog the main features of the covariance structure of earnings and hours changes. In the second part of the paper, they offer an interpretation of this model in terms of a simple life-cycle, labor-supply model. On the assumption that they can identify individual productivity growth with the shared component…

补贴培训项目对就业进入与退出的影响测量AI 解读

The authors estimate the effect of training on the probability of em ployment for participants in the 1976 Comprehensive Employment and Tr aining Act program. Their analysis uses Social Security earnings data from 1970 to 1979 for trainees and a comparison group. In addition t o simple pre- versus post-training comparisons of employment probabil ities for trainees and controls, the authors present logistic regress ion models with fixed and random effects for individual…