The Effect of Two-Stage Sampling on the F Statistic
两阶段抽样对 F 统计量的影响
The assumption of iid observations that underlies many statistical procedures is called into question when analyzing complex survey data. The population structure—particularly the existence of clusters in two-stage samples that usually exhibit positive intracluster correlation—invalidates the independence assumption. Kish and Frankel (1974) investigated the impact of this fact on regression analysis by using the standard sample-survey-theory framework; Campbell (1977) and…