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评估癌症流行病学风险因素贡献的新策略：黑色素瘤应用AI 解读

A new stochastic framework is proposed for evaluating the individual and collective impact of cancer risk factors, and is applied to data on the incidence of melanoma. It is demonstrated that the standardized incidence ratio of second primary melanoma can be used to estimate the total coefficient of variation in risk in the population, subject to some simplifying assumptions. The coefficient of variation estimated in this manner thus can be used as a benchmark against which…

癌症一级与二级预防效果的分别估计：皮肤自检与黑色素瘤病例对照研究AI 解读

Case-control studies increasingly have been used to evaluate the impact of cancer screening strategies. In this context the intent of the screening test has been to reduce cancer mortality by early detection of cancers, permitting curative therapy in some patients who would die of the disease if diagnosis were delayed until the disease was detected clinically. This phenomenon is known as secondary prevention. In an analysis of a case-control study of skin self-examination…

摘要暂缺

合并受控与非受控研究结果的随机效应元分析模型AI 解读

A random effects model is used to analyze meta-analyses containing both controlled and uncontrolled studies. A noniterative estimator of the treatment effect is derived using least squares, with the between-study variance substituted by an empirical Bayes estimator. The estimator is shown to be strongly consistent when the between-study variance is known, and the variance estimator is also shown to be strongly consistent. The estimator is shown to have desirable heuristic…

合并有对照与无对照研究结果的元分析随机效应模型AI 解读

A random effects model is used to analyze meta-analyses containing both controlled and uncontrolled studies. A noniterative estimator of the treatment effect is derived using least squares, with the between-study variance substituted by an empirical Bayes estimator. The estimator is shown to be strongly consistent when the between-study variance is known, and the variance estimator is also shown to be strongly consistent. The estimator is shown to have desirable heuristic…

关于 Wei 临床试验偏置硬币设计的统计推断AI 解读

Wei (1988) analyzed data from a clinical trial in which an urn-sampling model was used to allocate patients to treatments. The trial resulted in 11 patients being allocated to the experimental treatment, all successes, and with one patient allocated to the control treatment, a failure. Wei analyzed these data using a randomization algorithm and concluded that the results were almost significant at p = 0·051. He asserted that an analysis which ignored the design and presumed…

关于 Wei 临床试验偏置硬币设计的统计推断AI 解读

Wei (1988) analyzed data from a clinical trial in which an urn-sampling model was used to allocate patients to treatments. The trial resulted in 11 patients being allocated to the experimental treatment, all successes, and with one patient allocated to the control treatment, a failure. Wei analyzed these data using a randomization algorithm and concluded that the results were almost significant at p = 0·051. He asserted that an analysis which ignored the design and presumed…

摘要暂缺

比较性临床试验的序贯分析AI 解读

An adaptive procedure is proposed for a comparative clinical trial of two treatments in which the response variable has a normal distribution. Patients are assumed to ‘arrive’ in twos, and at each stage, after each pair has been treated, a decision is made either to continue to the next stage, or to suspend randomization and to assign patients to the ‘best’ treatment. This leads to stopping rules which are tabulated for a variety of patient horizons. In general, trials will…

比较性临床试验的序贯分析AI 解读

An adaptive procedure is proposed for a comparative clinical trial of two treatments in which the response variable has a normal distribution. Patients are assumed to ‘arrive’ in twos, and at each stage, after each pair has been treated, a decision is made either to continue to the next stage, or to suspend randomization and to assign patients to the ‘best’ treatment. This leads to stopping rules which are tabulated for a variety of patient horizons. In general, trials will…