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双重差分回归的标准误AI 解读

ABSTRACT This paper makes a case for the use of jackknife methods for standard error, value, and confidence interval construction for difference‐in‐difference (DiD) regression. We review cluster‐robust, bootstrap, and jackknife standard error methods and show that standard methods can substantially underperform in conventional settings. In contrast, our proposed jackknife inference methods work well in broad contexts. We illustrate the relevance by replicating several…

Abstract We propose improved standard errors and an asymptotic theory for two-way clustered panels. Our theory allow for arbitrary serial dependence in the common time effects, which is excluded by existing two-way methods. Our asymptotic distribution theory is the first which allows for this level of inter-dependence. Under weak conditions, we demonstrate that OLS is asymptotically normal, our proposed variance estimator is consistent, and t-ratios are asymptotically…

现代高斯—马尔可夫定理AI 解读

This paper presents finite‐sample efficiency bounds for the core econometric problem of estimation of linear regression coefficients. We show that the classical Gauss–Markov theorem can be restated omitting the unnatural restriction to linear estimators, without adding any extra conditions. Our results are lower bounds on the variances of unbiased estimators. These lower bounds correspond to the variances of the the least squares estimator and the generalized least squares…

模型错设下迭代 GMM 的统计推断AI 解读

This paper develops inference methods for the iterated overidentified Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. We provide conditions for the existence of the iterated estimator and an asymptotic distribution theory, which allows for mild misspecification. Moment misspecification causes bias in conventional GMM variance estimators, which can lead to severely oversized hypothesis tests. We show how to consistently estimate the correct asymptotic variance matrix. Our…

聚类样本的渐近理论AI 解读

We provide a complete asymptotic distribution theory for clustered data with a large number of independent groups, generalizing the classic laws of large numbers, uniform laws, central limit theory, and clustered covariance matrix estimation. Our theory allows for clustered observations with heterogeneous and unbounded cluster sizes. Our conditions cleanly nest the classical results for i.n.i.d. observations, in the sense that our conditions specialize to the classical…

未知阈值的回归折点模型AI 解读

This article explores estimation and inference in a regression kink model with an unknown threshold. A regression kink model (or continuous threshold model) is a threshold regression constrained to be everywhere continuous with a kink at an unknown threshold. We present methods for estimation, to test for the presence of the threshold, for inference on the regression parameters, and for inference on the regression function. A novel finding is that inference on the regression…

评论AI 解读

Factor-augmented regression is widely applied to forecasting in a data-rich environment. For most papers in the literature, a small number of factors are assumed to generate the comovement of a lar...

参数模型中的高效收缩估计AI 解读

This paper introduces shrinkage for general parametric models. We show how to shrink maximum likelihood estimators towards parameter subspaces defined by general nonlinear restrictions. We derive the asymptotic distribution and risk of our shrinkage estimator using a local asymptotic framework. We show that if the shrinkage dimension exceeds two, the asymptotic risk of the shrinkage estimator is strictly less than that of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). This…

Summary It is well known that there is a large degree of uncertainty around Rogoff's consensus half‐life of the real exchange rate. To obtain a more efficient estimator, we develop a system method that combines the Taylor rule and a standard exchange rate model to estimate half‐lives. Further, we propose a median unbiased estimator for the system method based on the generalized method of moments with non‐parametric grid bootstrap confidence intervals. Applying the method to…

收缩估计的效率界AI 解读

This paper is an extension of Magnus (2002, Econometrics Journal 5, 225–236) to multiple dimensions. We consider estimation of a multivariate normal mean under sum of squared error loss. We construct the efficiency bound (the lowest achievable risk) for minimax shrinkage estimation in the class of minimax orthogonally invariate estimators satisfying the sufficient conditions of Efron and Morris (1976, Annals of Statistics 4, 11–21). This allows us to compare the regret of…

因子增广回归预测：频率学派模型平均方法AI 解读

This paper considers forecast combination with factor-augmented regression. In this framework, a large number of forecasting models are available, varying by the choice of factors and the number of lags. We investigate forecast combination across models using weights that minimize the Mallows and the leave-h-out cross validation criteria. The unobserved factor regressors are estimated by principle components of a large panel with N predictors over T periods. With these…

级数回归的积分均方误差与 Hilbert 空间 Rosenthal 不等式AI 解读

This paper develops uniform approximations for the integrated mean squared error (IMSE) of nonparametric series regression estimators, including both least-squares and averaging least-squares estimators. To develop these approximations, we also generalize an important probability inequality of Rosenthal (1970, Israel Journal of Mathematics 8, 273–303; 1972, Sixth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability , vol. 2, pp. 149–167. University of California…

模型平均、渐近风险与回归变量分组AI 解读

This paper examines the asymptotic risk of nested least-squares averaging estimators when the averaging weights are selected to minimize a penalized least-squares criterion. We find conditions under which the asymptotic risk of the averaging estimator is globally smaller than the unrestricted least-squares estimator. For the Mallows averaging estimator under homoskedastic errors, the condition takes the simple form that the regressors have been grouped into sets of four or…

刀切法模型平均AI 解读

We consider the problem of obtaining appropriate weights for averaging M approximate (misspecified) models for improved estimation of an unknown conditional mean in the face of non-nested model uncertainty in heteroskedastic error settings. We propose a “jackknife model averaging” (JMA) estimator which selects the weights by minimizing a cross-validation criterion. This criterion is quadratic in the weights, so computation is a simple application of quadratic programming. We…

近单位根自回归模型的平均估计量AI 解读

This paper uses local-to-unity theory to evaluate the asymptotic mean-squared error (AMSE) and forecast expected squared error from least-squares estimation of an autoregressive model with a root close to unity. We investigate unconstrained estimation, estimation imposing the unit root constraint, pre-test estimation, model selection estimation, and model average estimation. We find that the asymptotic risk depends only on the local-to-unity parameter, facilitating simple…

可能存在结构断点的回归平均估计量AI 解读

This paper investigates selection and averaging of linear regressions with a possible structural break. Our main contribution is the construction of a Mallows criterion for the structural break model. We show that the correct penalty term is nonstandard and depends on unknown parameters, but it can be approximated by an average of limiting cases to yield a feasible penalty with good performance. Following Hansen (2007, Econometrica 75, 1175–1189) we recommend averaging the…

最小二乘预测平均AI 解读

This paper proposes forecast combination based on the method of Mallows Model Averaging (MMA). The method selects forecast weights by minimizing a Mallows criterion. This criterion is an asymptotically unbiased estimate of both the in-sample mean-squared error (MSE) and the out-of-sample one-step-ahead mean-squared forecast error (MSFE). Furthermore, the MMA weights are asymptotically mean-square optimal in the absence of time-series dependence. We show how to compute MMA…

依赖数据下核估计的一致收敛速率AI 解读

This paper presents a set of rate of uniform consistency results for kernel estimators of density functions and regressions functions. We generalize the existing literature by allowing for stationary strong mixing multivariate data with infinite support, kernels with unbounded support, and general bandwidth sequences. These results are useful for semiparametric estimation based on a first-stage nonparametric estimator.

最小二乘模型平均AI 解读

This paper considers the problem of selection of weights for averaging across leastsquares estimates obtained from a set of models. Existing model average methods are based on exponential AIC and BIC weights. In distinction, this paper proposes selecting the weights by minimizing a Mallows ’ criterion, the latter an estimate of the average squared error from the model average fit. We show that our new Mallows ’ Model Average (MMA) estimator is asymptotically optimal in the…

区间预测与参数不确定性AI 解读

Forecast intervals generalize point forecasts to represent and incorporate uncertainty. Forecast intervals calculated from dynamic models typically sidestep the issue of parameter estimation. This paper shows how to construct asymptotic forecast intervals which incorporate the uncertainty due to parameter estimation. Our proposed solution is a simple proportional adjustment to the interval endpoints, the adjustment factor depending on the asymptotic variance of the interval…

高阶核估计量的精确平均积分平方误差AI 解读

The exact mean integrated squared error (MISE) of the nonparametric kernel density estimator is derived for the asymptotically optimal smooth polynomial kernels of Müller (1984, Annals of Statistics 12, 766–774) and the trapezoid kernel of Politis and Romano (1999, Journal of Multivariate Analysis 68, 1–25) and is used to contrast their finite-sample efficiency with the higher order Gaussian kernels of Wand and Schucany (1990Canadian Journal of Statistics 18, 197–204). We…

计量经济模型选择的挑战AI 解读

Standard econometric model selection methods are based on four conceptual errors: parametric vision, the assumption of a true data generating process, evaluation based on fit, and ignoring the impact of model uncertainty on inference. Instead, econometric model selection methods should be based on a semiparametric vision, models should be viewed as approximations, models should be evaluated based on their purpose, and model uncertainty should be incorporated into inference…

门限模型的工具变量估计AI 解读

Threshold models (sample splitting models) have wide application in economics. Existing estimation methods are confined to regression models, which require that all right-hand-side variables are exogenous. This paper considers a model with endogenous variables but an exogenous threshold variable. We develop a two-stage least squares estimator of the threshold parameter and a generalized method of moments estimator of the slope parameters. We show that these estimators are…

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