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融合随机试验与真实世界数据的生存异质处理效应贝叶斯森林AI 解读

We develop the Bayesian fusion forest, a nonparametric framework to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects on survival outcomes by combining a randomised controlled trial and real-world data. The framework relaxes the unconfoundedness assumption on the real-world data by assuming instead that the treatment effect transports across the two sources. Our method opens up right- and interval-censored outcomes to data fusion. We model the survival time with an accelerated…

固定阶数 PCA：因子数量高估时的理论AI 解读

We develop asymptotic theory for principal component analysis (PCA) of a high-dimensional factor model in which the working dimension $R$ is fixed and only required to satisfy $R \ge r$, where $r$ is the true number of factors. Building on anisotropic local laws from random matrix theory, we show that the ``extra'' empirical eigencomponents beyond the $r$-th are asymptotically noise-governed, incoherent, and nearly orthogonal to the factor loadings. We introduce two…

个体化治疗规则的贝叶斯中介分析AI 解读

The value of an individualized treatment rule (ITR), defined as the expected outcome under treatment assignment according to the rule, is useful for assessing average clinical benefit but does not explain how the benefit of a rule is generated. We propose a causal mediation framework for decomposing the value contrast between a prespecified candidate ITR and a clinically meaningful reference rule into direct and indirect components. Using rule-specific nested potential…

多重呼吸道检测时代如何选择检测阴性对照：因果视角AI 解读

The test-negative design (TND) is widely used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) for respiratory pathogens by comparing vaccination odds among test-positive cases versus test-negative controls. A central yet underexplored design element is which test-negative illnesses constitute valid controls. With rapid multiplex PCR panels, investigators can now identify specific non-focal pathogens among test-negative patients, allowing for better characterization of ``test-negative…

时间序列中的动态局部平均处理效应AI 解读

This paper discusses identification, estimation, and inference on dynamic local average treatment effects (LATEs) in instrumental variables (IVs) settings. First, we show that compliers--observations whose treatment status is affected by the instrument--can be identified individually in time series data using smoothness assumptions and local comparisons of treatment assignments. Second, we show that this result enables not only better interpretability of IV estimates but…

干扰下不依赖暴露映射的通用因果推断框架AI 解读

We develop a general framework for design-based causal inference under interference in cluster experiments conducted via two-stage randomization on a network of interconnected units, without relying on exposure mapping assumptions, exclusion of cross-cluster interference, or Bernoulli treatment assignments. Within this framework, we establish a complete characterization of linear weighted estimators (LW) as defined by Godambe (1955) that achieve identification of various…

存在不依从时阶梯楔形设计的随机化推断：姑息治疗试验应用AI 解读

While palliative care is increasingly commonly delivered to hospitalized patients with serious illnesses, few studies have estimated its causal effects. Courtright et al. (2016) adopted a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized design to assess the effect of palliative care on a patient-centered outcome. The randomized intervention was a nudge to administer palliative care but did not guarantee receipt of palliative care, resulting in noncompliance. A subsequent analysis using…

不规则历史下纵向因果推断的双重稳健函数型表示学习AI 解读

Longitudinal causal studies often record histories as irregular functional fragments: laboratory values, physiologic signals, sensor streams, and image-derived summaries measured at unequal and informative times. Standard doubly robust estimators usually require scalar summaries, whereas sequence learners optimize prediction losses that need not stabilize the efficient influence function. We propose Doubly Robust Functional Representation Learning (DR-FRL), a cross-fitted…

非可分面板数据模型中结构与因果效应的线性估计AI 解读

This paper develops linear estimators for structural and causal parameters of nonseparable models using panel data. These models incorporate unobserved, time-varying, individual heterogeneity, which may be correlated with the regressors. Estimation is based on an approximation of a conditional average potential outcome by a linear sieve specification with individual-specific parameters. Effects of interest are estimated by a bias corrected average of individual ridge…

工具变量估计的新方法：TEAM-IVAI 解读

Instrumental-variable (IV) analyses can be undermined when some instruments violate the exclusion restriction through direct effects on the outcome. Existing robust IV methods, including sisVIVE and CIIV, rely on majority- or plurality-validity conditions. We propose TEAM-IV, which targets joint validity by identifying sets of instruments that appear valid together and aggregating them, allowing reliable estimation even when only a small number of candidate instruments are…

拓扑因果数据分析的数学框架AI 解读

Many modern outcomes, including images, point clouds, networks, and spatial fields, are structured objects for which \(Y^1-Y^0\) may be undefined or scientifically inadequate. We introduce \emph{Topological Causal Data Analysis} (TCDA), a framework separating the observation space, causal-model class, topological representation, and causal query. Topology does not define interventions; it supplies stable, shape-sensitive summaries after causal assumptions have been…

使用收缩估计量的自适应实验设计AI 解读

In multi-armed trials, adaptive designs are a popular way to increase estimation efficiency or identify optimal treatments. Several recent papers have proposed adaptive variants of the classical Neyman allocation to assign treatments in sequential trials, with the goal of minimizing the error of a Horvitz-Thompson-style estimator. However, this approach may be inefficient, because it fails to borrow information across the treatment arms. In this paper, we consider adaptivity…

多个中介变量非随机缺失下的中介分析AI 解读

Causal mediation analysis serves as a key tool for uncovering the mediating mechanisms linking treatments to outcomes. Existing methods for mediation analysis with multiple mediators typically assume complete observations or missing-at-random and may yield biased estimation when mediator values are missing not at random (MNAR). This paper studies the identification and estimation of causal mediation effects with multiple mediators subject to MNAR missingness. We consider a…

用因果贝叶斯网络与赖欣巴赫原则重新审视格兰杰因果AI 解读

Granger causality (GC) is widely used to infer directed relationships in time-series data. However, its predictive criterion does not by itself distinguish direct causal effects from dependencies induced by common causes, indirect paths, collider conditioning, or model misspecification. We revisit this limitation by interpreting bivariate and multivariate GC through causal Bayesian networks and Reichenbachs common cause principles. Under explicit graphical assumptions,…

去偏机器学习：识别、估计与形状约束AI 解读

We develop a general framework of identification and estimation for automatic debiased machine learning (DML) where the parameter of interest $θ_0$ is identified by a moment condition involving a nuisance $γ_0$ that may be high dimensional. We establish conditions under which the Riesz representer $α_0$, which is at the core of DML, is identified, and show that the identification occurs precisely when $α_0$ uniquely optimizes a quadratic functional. This characterization…

未测混杂下获得统计支持的错误因果解释如何渐近出现AI 解读

Unmeasured confounding is widely recognized as a limitation of observational causal inference, but its implications for data-driven causal discovery are often understated. We provide an asymptotic characterization of this limitation. When the true causal variable is unobserved but correlated proxy variables are available, increasing sample size while searching for increasingly stable, data-driven causal structures will make associations involving observable proxies become…

多状态模型的多层网络元回归：联合综合个体与汇总证据并进行人群调整AI 解读

In network meta-analysis (NMA) of oncology time-to-event outcomes, there is growing recognition that progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) are better synthesized jointly than in separate analyses. The multistate NMA of Jansen et al. addresses this with a tri-state (stable, progressed, dead) Markov model fitted to aggregate survival curves, but it cannot adjust for imbalance in effect-modifying covariates across trials, so its relative effects may be…

监管试验协变量调整的良好实践：从固定到数据自适应方法AI 解读

While randomization justifies the use of unadjusted effect estimators in randomized trials, there is growing interest in covariate adjustment to improve precision. Adjusting for baseline variables that are prognostic of the outcome can reduce estimator variance, resulting in narrower confidence intervals and increased statistical power. Recent guidance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration supports fixed adjustment for prognostic covariates using parametric regression…

贝叶斯树集成估计不依从下的异质性效应：伊利诺伊职场健康研究AI 解读

Estimating varying treatment effects in randomized trials with noncompliance is inherently challenging since variation comes from two separate sources: variation in the impact itself and variation in the compliance rate. In this setting, existing flexible machine learning methods are sensitive to the weak instruments problem and can yield unstable estimates of heterogeneity when run repeatedly with different initialization or random seeds. Our main methodological…

最优因果标注：社会服务个案记录的应用AI 解读

Problem definition: Estimating causal effects of interventions is central to policy and operations, but outcome data are often missing or costly to obtain. LLMs can provide text annotation at scale but may be subject to unknown bias. When ground-truth outcomes require expensive expert labeling or follow-up, budget limits typically allow only a fraction of the data to be labeled. Motivated by collaboration with a nonprofit conducting street outreach in homelessness services,…

DoTime：干预与反事实时间序列的合成基准生成器AI 解读

Most benchmarks for causal inference over time series are observational, small, or domain-specific, leaving interventional and counterfactual estimation under-served exactly where it matters most, such as in healthcare, policy evaluation, and climate science. We introduce \textbf{DoTime}, an open, scalable, and theoretically grounded generator of multivariate temporal structural causal models (TSCMs) with interventions, released as the \code{dotime} PyPI package together…

非参数回归的稳健经验似然及其断点回归应用AI 解读

Empirical likelihood serves as a powerful tool for constructing confidence intervals in nonparametric regression and regression discontinuity designs (RDD). The original empirical likelihood framework can be naturally extended to these settings using local linear smoothers, with Wilks' theorem holding only when an undersmoothed bandwidth is selected. However, the generalization of bias-corrected versions of empirical likelihood under more realistic conditions is non-trivial…

交错处理采纳下结合双重差分调整的风险集传输合成控制AI 解读

In staggered treatment-adoption designs, later-treated units are valid controls for an earlier-treated cohort only until their own treatment begins, so the admissible donor set contracts with event time. Fixing the donor pool at the longest horizon discards temporarily eligible donors, whereas re-estimating synthetic-control weights independently at each horizon can make the counterfactual unstable as donor composition changes. We propose Risk-Set Transported Synthetic…

相关观测单位下因果机器学习的交叉拟合AI 解读

In causal machine learning, the fitting and evaluation of nuisance models are often performed on separate partitions, or folds, of the observed data. This technique, called cross-fitting, eliminates bias introduced by the use of black-box predictive algorithms. When study units may be correlated, such as in spatial, clustered, or time-series data, investigators often design bespoke forms of cross-fitting to minimize correlation between folds. We prove that, perhaps contrary…