Generalizing and transporting causal inferences from randomized trials in the presence of trial engagement effects
存在试验参与效应时随机试验因果推断的推广与迁移
Trial engagement effects are effects of trial participation on the outcome that are not mediated by treatment assignment. Most work on extending (generalizing or transporting) causal inferences from a randomized trial to a target population has, explicitly or implicitly, assumed that trial engagement effects are absent, allowing evidence about the effects of the treatments examined in trials to be applied to non-experimental settings. Here, we define novel causal estimands…