Incorporating baseline covariates to validate surrogate endpoints with a constant biomarker under control arm
纳入基线协变量验证对照组生物标志物恒定的替代终点
A surrogate endpoint S in a clinical trial is an outcome that may be measured earlier or more easily than the true outcome of interest T. In this work, we extend causal inference approaches to validate such a surrogate using potential outcomes. The causal association paradigm assesses the relationship of the treatment effect on the surrogate with the treatment effect on the true endpoint. Using the principal surrogacy criteria, we utilize the joint conditional distribution…