Misspecification Analysis of High-Dimensional Random Effects Models for Estimation of Signal-to-Noise Ratios
高维随机效应模型信噪比估计的误设定分析AI 解读 ↓
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Estimation of signal-to-noise ratios and residual variances in high-dimensional linear models has various important applications, including heritability estimation in bioinformatics. One widely used estimator is the Gaussian random-effects maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), based on the likelihood of the homogeneous Gaussian random-effects model in which both the regression coefficients and the noise variables are assumed to be i.i.d. Gaussian. This paper studies the behavior of this likelihood estimator under model misspecification. For isotropic random designs with independent, symmetric, sub-Gaussian entries, we establish consistency and asymptotic normality of the SNR MLE for fixed dense coefficient vectors and independent, centered, heteroscedastic finite-moment noise, allowing moderately heavy-tailed errors. We also give parallel consistency and central limit results for correlated Gaussian noise as a benchmark. The asymptotic variance depends on the limiting aspect ratio, the true SNR, and a scalar noise-square fluctuation parameter. This explicit form yields feasible plug-in confidence intervals under independent noise in two cases where the fluctuation parameter can be estimated from response fourth moments: heterogeneous Gaussian noise and homogeneous non-Gaussian noise. Numerical simulations compare likelihood-based and method-of-moments confidence intervals under heterogeneous and non-Gaussian noise, and a real-data illustration demonstrates the resulting calibrations on high-dimensional text features.
RBF 核高斯过程最大似然估计的精确渐近理论
Gaussian processes (GPs) are widely used across machine learning, spatial statistics, time-series analysis, optimization, Bayesian statistics, and scientific applications. A central component of a GP model is its kernel, which is typically specified through a parametric family. Among the most widely used choices is the radial basis function (RBF), also known as the squared exponential or Gaussian kernel, owing to its simple form, smoothness, and flexibility. In practice, the…
受限因变量模型中可扩展的似然推断
Limited dependent variable models are central to empirical economics, but likelihood-based inference is infeasible when likelihoods involve high-dimensional integration over latent variables. This paper proposes Stochastically Estimated Gradient Ascent (SEGA), a scalable estimation approach for limited dependent variable models. Using Fisher's identity, SEGA replaces the intractable likelihood score with an unbiased augmented data score evaluated at a single conditional draw…
极端分位数回归加权最大似然估计量的存在性与一致性
Estimating extreme conditional quantiles faces two major challenges: understanding complex nonlinear relationships between variables and accurately extrapolating into the tails of the distribution, where data are sparse. To address both issues, we introduce a novel approach that combines the theoretical framework of block maxima with the predictive power of generalized random forests. The conditional distribution of maxima is modeled by a generalized extreme value (GEV)…
扰动效用模型的 Fenchel–Young 估计量
Perturbed Utility Models (PUMs) represent discrete choice as utility maximization under convex perturbation or regularization, encompassing a broad class of choice models, including Multinomial Logit (MNL) and models that permit zero choice probabilities. Because, for general perturbations, maximum likelihood may be non-convex, and the negative log-likelihood is infinite when a sparse model assigns zero probability to an observed choice, we specialize the Fenchel--Young…
正则非光滑模型的归一化最大似然:测度论基础与几何采样
The Normalized Maximum Likelihood (NML) codelength, or stochastic complexity, represents a principled criterion for universal coding. While recent coarea-based formulations provided a calculation method for smooth models, this framework collapses for the non-smooth estimators ubiquitous in modern machine learning (e.g., Lasso, Sparse SVMs). In this work, we provide a rigorous framework for computing the NML for regular path-differentiable Lipschitz (PDL) estimators. By…
小样本多协变量随机对照试验中的G计算
In contemporary randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the number of patients is often small relative to the number of baseline covariates collected. In such settings, maximum likelihood estimators of conditional treatment effects in generalized linear models, along with their standard errors, may exhibit substantial bias. This study examines whether similar bias arises in G-computation estimators of marginal treatment effects, which are known for their robustness to model…