When are instruments generated from geographic characteristics in bilateral relationships invalid?
双边关系中由地理特征生成的工具变量何时无效?AI 解读 ↓
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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要直接分析工具变量的排除限制及贸易对收入影响估计的一致性,属于因果推断中的工具变量有效性问题。
反馈分类问题双边关系中由地理特征生成的工具变量何时无效?AI 解读 ↓
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Summary In their highly influential paper, “Does Trade Cause Growth?,” Frankel and Romer estimate a trade equation to predict bilateral trade shares, which are in turn aggregated to construct an instrument for trade openness in income regressions. The Frankel‐Romer approach has gained widespread popularity as a method to generate instruments for trade and many other outcome variables from estimated bilateral relationships. In this paper, we show analytically and empirically that the Frankel–Romer instrument gives inconsistent estimates for the effect of trade on income when fitted values for zero and missing bilateral shares are omitted from the instrument. This leads to a violation of the exclusion restriction because the instrument captures the endogenous variation in the observed probability that countries engage in bilateral trade, as reflected in the number of observed trading partners. This violation disappears when predicted bilateral shares for all observed and unobserved bilateral trade relationships are included in the instrument for trade openness.
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