Causal Inference of Blood Pressure Reduction and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Framingham Study
弗雷明汉研究中降血压与冠心病风险的因果推断AI 解读 ↓
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弗雷明汉研究中降血压与冠心病风险的因果推断AI 解读 ↓
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Standard cardiovascular risk calculators, including the Framingham Risk Score and the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations, estimate the conditional probability P(CHD | SysBP = s) rather than the interventional quantity P(CHD | do(SysBP = s)). When confounding is present, this distinction has direct clinical consequences: observational estimates may systematically overstate the absolute benefit of antihypertensive treatment. We applied Pearl's do-calculus to the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (n = 4,240; primary analysis on 3,776 complete cases; 574 ten-year coronary heart disease events). A structurally corrected directed acyclic graph (DAG) was specified and evaluated using conditional independence testing. The average causal effect (ACE) of a 20 mmHg systolic blood pressure reduction was estimated by g-computation with bootstrap confidence intervals, corroborated by propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting. G-computation yielded an ACE of 3.40 percent absolute risk reduction (95 percent CI: 2.64 to 4.14), compared with a naive observational estimate of 4.14 percent, corresponding to an approximate 21.8 percent relative overestimation. Conditional average treatment effects were estimated using R-Learner and T-Learner metalearners. These findings suggest that observational cardiovascular risk tools may overestimate the absolute benefit of blood pressure reduction, with implications for clinical risk stratification and prescribing thresholds.