Generalizing and transporting causal inferences from randomized trials in the presence of trial engagement effects
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存在试验参与效应时随机试验因果推断的推广与迁移
- 研究问题
- 若参加试验本身会影响结局，如何将随机试验的处理效应推广或迁移至目标人群中通常照护条件下的情境？
- 方法与思路
- 作者定义新的因果估计目标，在参与试验与处理分配于绝对或相对尺度上无因果交互的假设下建立识别结果。
- 材料陈述的贡献
- 摘要称允许试验参与效应后，仍可结合试验与目标人群协变量数据识别通常照护下的效应，并重新解释既有估计量。
- 阅读关注点
- 应核对参与效应与处理效应的定义、无交互所依赖的尺度，以及除无交互之外所需的推广或迁移识别条件。
- 阅读边界
- 这是 arXiv 预印本，不能据此认定已同行评审或期刊接收；摘要未说明完整识别假设，无交互条件也不能仅凭摘要验证。
原文摘要
Trial engagement effects are effects of trial participation on the outcome that are not mediated by treatment assignment. Most work on extending (generalizing or transporting) causal inferences from a randomized trial to a target population has, explicitly or implicitly, assumed that trial engagement effects are absent, allowing evidence about the effects of the treatments examined in trials to be applied to non-experimental settings. Here, we define novel causal estimands and present identification results for generalizability and transportability analyses in the presence of trial engagement effects. Our approach allows for trial engagement effects under assumptions of no causal interaction between trial participation and treatment assignment on the absolute or relative scales. We show that under these assumptions, even in the presence of trial engagement effects, the trial data can be combined with covariate data from the target population to identify average treatment effects in the context of usual care as implemented in the target population (i.e., outside the experimental setting). The identifying observed data functionals under these no-interaction assumptions are the same as those obtained under the stronger identifiability conditions that have been invoked in prior work. Therefore, our results suggest a new interpretation for previously proposed generalizability and transportability estimators; this interpretation may be useful in analyses under causal structures where background knowledge suggests that trial engagement effects are present but interactions between trial participation and treatment are negligible.