Counterfactual Analysis With Artificial Controls: Inference, High Dimensions, and Nonstationarity
人工对照的反事实分析:推断、高维与非平稳性AI 解读 ↓
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人工对照的反事实分析:推断、高维与非平稳性AI 解读 ↓
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Recently, there has been growing interest in developing statistical tools to conduct counterfactual analysis with aggregate data when a single “treated” unit suffers an intervention, such as a policy change, and there is no obvious control group. Usually, the proposed methods are based on the construction of an artificial counterfactual from a pool of “untre ated” peers, organized in a panel data structure. In this article, we consider a general framework for counterfactual analysis for high-dimensional, nonstationary data with either deterministic and/or stochastic trends, which nests well-established methods, such as the synthetic control. We propose a resampling procedure to test intervention effects that does not rely on postintervention asymptotics and that can be used even if there is only a single observation after the intervention. A simulation study is provided as well as an empirical application. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
非平稳宏观数据反事实分析的合成经济周期方法
This paper investigates the use of synthetic control methods for causal inference in macroeconomic settings when dealing with possibly nonstationary data. While the synthetic control approach has gained popularity for estimating counterfactual outcomes, we caution researchers against assuming a common nonstationary trend factor across units for macroeconomic outcomes, as doing so may result in misleading causal estimation-a pitfall we refer to as the spurious synthetic…
斯大林是否必要?苏联经济增长的反事实证据
This article evaluates whether the exceptionally rapid growth of the Russian and Soviet economy after 1928 requires a specifically Stalinist explanation. The analysis treats this historical question as a sequence of increasingly demanding counterfactual comparisons rather than a binary comparison between observed growth and a single alternative. Long run output series from the Global Macro Database and the Maddison Project are combined with synthetic control, augmented…
Summary The synthetic control method (SCM) is widely used for causal inference with panel data, particularly when the number of treated units is small. It relies on the stable unit treatment value assumption, ruling out spillover effects. However, interventions often affect not only treated but also untreated units. This study proposes a novel panel data method that extends the standard SCM to account for spillovers and estimate both treatment and spillover effects. The…
非平稳数据下的反事实分析与推断
Recently, there has been growing interest in developing econometric tools to conduct counterfactual analysis with aggregate data when a single “treated” unit suffers an intervention, such as a policy change, and there is no obvious control group. Usually, the proposed methods are based on the construction of an artificial/synthetic counterfactual from a pool of “untreated” peers, organized in a panel data structure. In this article, we investigate the consequences of…
ArCo:高维面板时间序列的人工反事实方法
We consider a new, flexible and easy-to-implement method to estimate thecausal effects of an intervention on a single treated unit when a control group is not available and which nests previous proposals in the literature. It is a two-step methodology where in the first stage, a counterfactual is estimated based on a large-dimensional set of variables from a pool of untreated units by means of shrinkage methods, such as the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator…
合成控制的松弛方法
The synthetic control method (SCM) is widely used for constructing the counterfactual of a treated unit based on data from control units in a donor pool. Allowing the donor pool contains more control units than time periods, we propose a novel machine learning algorithm, named SCM-relaxation, for counterfactual prediction. Our relaxation approach minimizes an information-theoretic measure of the weights subject to a set of relaxed linear inequality constraints in addition to…