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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要明确研究随机试验和观察研究中的因果推断推广、个体化及多治疗组匹配。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Eric R. Cohn

用于因果推断推广与个体化的协变量画像匹配

研究问题
如何从多个治疗组选择尽可能大的无权重样本,使其符合目标人群或个人的协变量画像,从而支持因果推断推广和个体化?
方法与思路
作者提出画像匹配,按目标协变量约束优化样本选择和隐含匹配比例,可用于多值治疗,并通过试验推广模拟与观察研究说明。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称方法按构造实现协变量平衡,不必预设匹配比例;目标画像可由汇总统计量构成,并提供 R 实现和教程。
阅读关注点
应核对平衡约束、优化目标和样本保留规则,并审查推广到目标人群及个人所需的识别条件和可比样本支持。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审与期刊接收未核实;协变量平衡不自动保证因果识别,摘要未说明完整推广与个体化条件。

原文摘要

We introduce profile matching, a multivariate matching method for randomized experiments and observational studies that finds the largest possible unweighted samples across multiple treatment groups that are balanced relative to a covariate profile. This covariate profile can represent a specific population or a target individual, facilitating the generalization and personalization of causal inferences. For generalization, because the profile often amounts to summary statistics for a target population, profile matching does not always require accessing individual-level data, which may be unavailable for confidentiality reasons. For personalization, the profile comprises the characteristics of a single individual. Profile matching achieves covariate balance by construction, but unlike existing approaches to matching, it does not require specifying a matching ratio, as this is implicitly optimized for the data. The method can also be used for the selection of units for study follow-up, and it readily applies to multi-valued treatments with many treatment categories. We evaluate the performance of profile matching in a simulation study of the generalization of a randomized trial to a target population. We further illustrate this method in an exploratory observational study of the relationship between opioid use and mental health outcomes. We analyze these relationships for three covariate profiles representing: (i) sexual minorities, (ii) the Appalachian United States, and (iii) the characteristics of a hypothetical vulnerable patient. The method can be implemented via the new function profmatch in the designmatch package for R, for which we provide a step-by-step tutorial.

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