A Nonparametric Test of Gene Region Heterogeneity Associated With Phenotype
与表型相关的基因区域异质性非参数检验AI 解读 ↓
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与表型相关的基因区域异质性非参数检验AI 解读 ↓
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High-dimensional statistical problems arise in the investigation of the relationship between reduced sensitivity to antiretroviral drugs among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and viral genotypic patterns obtained from blood samples. This article develops a nonparametric approach for analyzing gene region heterogeneity associated with drug-resistance phenotype. The method is based on the distribution of distances between viral genetic sequences. The distance measures used are sufficiently flexible to allow weighting of locations within a gene region, as well as weighting of residue types within a location. The weighting may reflect covariability between locations and between residues within a location. The approach to inference presented extends U statistic theory to multivariate one- and two-sample cases, which leads to exact tests based on permutation theory and their asymptotic counterparts. These methods are applied to data from a study conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group that investigated altered viral susceptibility to protease inhibitor drugs.
RBF 核高斯过程最大似然估计的精确渐近理论
Gaussian processes (GPs) are widely used across machine learning, spatial statistics, time-series analysis, optimization, Bayesian statistics, and scientific applications. A central component of a GP model is its kernel, which is typically specified through a parametric family. Among the most widely used choices is the radial basis function (RBF), also known as the squared exponential or Gaussian kernel, owing to its simple form, smoothness, and flexibility. In practice, the…
异质性高维分位数回归的全局推断
Quantile regression has received considerable attention in high dimensional methodology due to its robustness and ability to accommodate heteroskedasticity. Despite this attention, current inferential methods for high dimensional quantile regression have significant limitations---only testing significance, testing at a single quantile at a time, or assuming homoskedasticity. To generalize the inferences that can be drawn in high dimensional quantile regression, we introduce…
嵌套工具变量分析:转换者平均处理效应及可推广性
Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used to estimate causal effects from non-randomized data. A canonical example is a randomized trial with noncompliance, in which the randomized treatment assignment serves as an IV for the non-ignorable treatment received. Under a monotonicity assumption, a valid IV nonparametrically identifies the average treatment effect among a latent complier subgroup, whose generalizability is often under debate. In many studies, there exist…
高维在线 M 估计中的大规模线性假设检验
With the growing prevalence of streaming data, renewable estimation has become an important tool for updating statistical analyses without retaining historical raw observations. We study estimation and linear hypothesis testing in high-dimensional online M-estimation. Existing renewable procedures based on quadratic approximations can incur first-order approximation errors because the gradient of the unpenalized loss generally does not vanish at a preceding penalized…
前门模型下因果效应的灵活非参数推断
Abstract Evaluating causal treatment effects in observational studies requires addressing confounding. While the back-door criterion enables identification through adjustment for observed covariates, it fails in the presence of unmeasured confounding. The front-door criterion offers an alternative by leveraging variables that fully mediate the treatment effect and are unaffected by unmeasured confounders of the treatment-outcome pair. We develop novel one-step and targeted…
使用 AI 学习表征的实用双重机器学习
Text, images, and other rich covariates are increasingly compressed into AI-learned representations and then used as controls in causal analysis. We study when this approach is valid and develop a practical framework for causal inference with learned representations. For a broad class of estimands, an imperfect representation distorts the target causal parameter by the product of two representation errors: one in the outcome regression and one in the balancing weight (or…