Which Effect of Race? Causal Inference without Holding All Else Equal
种族的哪一种效应?不固定其他特征的因果推断AI 解读 ↓
本页整理公开书目信息,不生成学术质量评分。AI 解读根据题名及所注明的摘要或原文片段生成,未完成全文核验,可能有误;具体假设、证明与结论请核对原文。摘要保留来源文本,未经模型改写。
DOI 首次登记不等于接收或发表日期。部分更正、评论等条目没有独立摘要;缺少可靠材料时保留待补状态。
本页为预印本版本;arXiv 收录、作者填写的期刊信息以及作者既有发表经历,都不单独证明本篇已接收。作者发表记录按 OpenAlex 身份与完整姓名、本站覆盖期刊 ISSN 及正式卷期核对,只展示已核实例,档案仍可能误合并。
引用量采用 OpenAlex 单条关联记录,不合计多个记录;关联记录可能包含正式发表版本,不等于此版本单独引用。缺失不视为零,引用指标不代表论文质量。
关注作者按书目中的完整姓名匹配,同名和姓名变体需人工辨别。相关论文先按共享细分方向和具体方法排列,再参考通用方法与发表日期。
AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要直接讨论随机化识别、种族效应的目标选择及因果估计条件,并重分析实验,文本明确支持因果推断方向。
种族的哪一种效应?不固定其他特征的因果推断AI 解读 ↓
正在核对关联版本…
正在核对对应版本的资源…
Empirical studies of racial discrimination vary race while holding nonracial traits fixed, a design the literature defends as what credible inference requires. This defense bundles two claims: which effect of race a study should target, and whether its design can recover that effect. I separate them. The same randomization that secures credible estimation and inference recovers a family of race estimands, from the all-else-equal effect to a within-race effect that lets associated traits vary with race. Every member of that family is causal rather than descriptive, and the choice among members is a claim about what a racial category is -- a claim extending to ethnicity, religion, and other identity categories that index associated traits. I derive conditions, weaker than the literature's, for credible estimation and inference. Reanalyzing a Spanish-language campaign experiment, I find coethnic preference among Hispanic voters under the within-race effect and none under the all-else-equal effect.