Causal Geodesy: Counterfactual Estimation Along the Path Between Correlation and Causation
因果测地学:沿相关与因果之间的路径估计反事实AI 解读 ↓
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We introduce causal geodesy, a framework for studying the landscape of stochastic interventions that lie between the two extremes of performing no intervention and performing a sharp intervention that sets an exposure equal to a specific value. We define this framework by constructing paths of distributions that smoothly interpolate between the treatment density and a point mass at the target intervention. Thus, each path starts at a purely observational (or correlational) quantity and moves into a counterfactual world. Of particular interest are paths that correspond to geodesics in some metric, i.e. the shortest path. We show that stochastic interventions defined by the Wasserstein geodesic possess many favorable statistical properties. In particular, unlike other paths (such as those defined by exponentially tilted intervention distributions), the Wasserstein geodesic does not introduce path-parameterization artifacts; its curvature is inherited from the outcome regression itself. We use this to develop higher-order bias-corrected inference for sharp interventions. Finally, we explore geodesics defined by the spherical Hellinger geometry to show how the interpretation, estimation, and statistical difficulty of the problem is governed by the underlying geometry.