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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要研究效应异质性与存活选择对随机试验因果风险差解释的影响。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Richard Post
Hein Putter

因果效应异质性下加性风险模型的偏差

研究问题
在随机试验中,个体风险效应异质性如何引起存活者选择,使观测风险差偏离因果风险差,并混淆效应随时间变化的解释?
方法与思路
作者形式化分析暴露组中效应修饰因子的选择过程,并用口咽癌患者化疗临床试验说明观测风险差与因果目标的偏离。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称恒定但异质的个体效应也可产生非线性累积风险差曲线,因此不能据此区分同质时变效应与恒定异质效应。
阅读关注点
应核对因果风险差和观测风险差的定义、异质性进入模型的方式,以及临床示例如何说明选择机制而非直接识别该机制。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,不能据此认定已同行评审或期刊接收;摘要未说明完整模型条件与实证数值,不能将该偏差结论等同于治疗效果结论。

原文摘要

Hazard ratios are prone to selection bias, compromising their use as causal estimands. On the other hand, the hazard difference has been shown to remain unaffected by the selection of frailty factors over time. Therefore, observed hazard differences can be used as an unbiased estimator for the causal hazard differences in the absence of confounding. However, in the presence of effect (on the hazard) heterogeneity, the hazard difference is also affected by selection. In this work, we formalize how the observed hazard difference (from a randomized controlled trial) evolves by selecting favourable levels of effect modifiers in the exposed group and thus deviates from the causal hazard difference of interest. Such selection may result in a non-linear integrated hazard difference curve even when the individual causal effects are time-invariant. Therefore, a homogeneous time-varying causal additive effect on the hazard can not be distinguished from a constant but heterogeneous causal effect. We illustrate this causal issue by studying the effect of chemotherapy on the survival time of patients suffering from carcinoma of the oropharynx using data from a clinical trial. The hazard difference can thus not be used as an appropriate measure of the causal effect without making untestable assumptions.

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