Statistical Considerations for Evaluating Treatment Effect under Various Non-proportional Hazard Scenarios
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We conducted a systematic comparison of statistical methods used for the analysis of time-to-event outcomes under various proportional and nonproportional hazard (NPH) scenarios. Our study used data from recently published oncology trials to compare the Log-rank test, still by far the most widely used option, against some available alternatives, including the MaxCombo test, the Restricted Mean Survival Time Difference (dRMST) test, the Generalized Gamma Model (GGM) and the Generalized F Model (GFM). Power, type I error rate, and time-dependent bias with respect to the RMST difference, survival probability difference, and median survival time were used to evaluate and compare the performance of these methods. In addition to the real data, we simulated three hypothetical scenarios with crossing hazards chosen so that the early and late effects 'cancel out' and used them to evaluate the ability of the aforementioned methods to detect time-specific and overall treatment effects. We implemented novel metrics for assessing the time-dependent bias in treatment effect estimates to provide a more comprehensive evaluation in NPH scenarios. Recommendations under each NPH scenario are provided by examining the type I error rate, power, and time-dependent bias associated with each statistical approach.
Background: Generalized Odds (Gen Odds) provide summaries for ordinal outcomes without requiring the proportional odds assumption. However, conventional Gen Odds compares independently drawn treatment and control outcomes and targets a population-level contrast rather than an individual-level contrast. We developed an individual-level causal formulation of Gen Odds and examined its identification. Methods: We defined the Causal Gen Odds using the joint distribution of…
We develop a semiparametric continuous time inferential framework for testing cumulative treatment effects, including both immediate and carryover effects. The latent state process is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose drift depends on state and treatment, while the observed data are noisy measurements of this latent state at irregular, multi resolution time points. We define the average treatment effect (ATE) as the difference of expected cumulative…
We study inference for continuous linear functionals of solutions to ill-posed inverse problems, including Euclidean parameters arising in nonparametric instrumental variables, proximal causal inference, and shadow-variable models. Although pointwise root-$n$ inference is possible under standard conditions, we show that this need not translate into locally reliable inference. Under a model imposing only minimal regularity conditions, the target is Hellinger discontinuous…
Motivation: Mediation analysis is an important tool for elucidating causal mechanisms in biomedical research and has recently gained increasing attention in microbiome studies. Motivated by a microbiome study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, we investigate whether the effect of induction chemotherapy intensity on infection status is mediated through gut microbial taxa. This problem poses substantial methodological challenges due to the high dimensionality, zero…
观测因果推断中不完全识别下的相对偏差
To conduct causal inference in observational settings, researchers must rely on certain identifying assumptions. In practice, these assumptions are unlikely to hold exactly. This paper considers the bias of selection-on-observables, instrumental variables, and proximal inference estimates under violations of their identifying assumptions. We develop bias expressions for IV and proximal inference that show how violations of their respective assumptions are amplified by any…
组间不平衡下的风险异质性稳健推断
Population-level heterogeneity is ubiquitous in biomedical data, where differences across demographic or clinical subgroups can substantially alter risk patterns. For example, in intensive care unit (ICU) studies, the mortality risk associated with specific admission diagnoses can vary across ethnic groups. Existing approaches for detecting risk heterogeneity are often sensitive to baseline model misspecification and regularization bias, both of which commonly arise in…