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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要明确研究混杂变量缺失下的因果效应估计、倾向得分平衡与双重稳健性。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Hua Shen

混杂变量缺失下因果推断的双重稳健加权回归

研究问题
当观察研究中的混杂变量部分缺失时,如何在缺失指示框架中结合处理与结果模型,降低单一模型误设对因果效应估计的影响?
方法与思路
作者提出缺失指示加权最小二乘估计,将倾向得分平衡权重融入结果回归,同时纳入混杂变量与缺失指示,并进行模拟分析。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称,在缺失相关处理分配强可忽略性及指定条件独立结构下,处理或结果模型至少一个正确即可一致,模拟支持其偏差与覆盖表现。
阅读关注点
应核对强可忽略性和两类条件独立结构的精确定义、部分观测混杂的表示方法,以及平衡权重与三明治方差的适用条件。
阅读边界
这是预印本,不能据此认定已同行评审或期刊接收。双重稳健性仍依赖所述结构假设;应用使用仿照肾功能研究的模拟数据,非真实数据验证。

原文摘要

Missingness in confounders is common in observational studies and presents substantial challenges for causal effect estimation by weakening identification and increasing sensitivity to model misspecification. Within the missing-indicator framework, existing approaches typically rely on a single working model and achieve consistency only when that model is correctly specified and are therefore singly robust. In this article, we develop a doubly robust missing indicator weighted ordinary least squares (MI-WOLS) estimator with partially observed confounders. The proposed method integrates propensity score-based weighting into outcome regression under missing-indicator data representation, yielding a class of balancing weights that account for both confounders and their missingness indicators. Under the missingness-strongly-ignorable treatment allocation assumption and assuming either a Conditionally Independent Treatment or Conditionally Independent Outcome structure, the MI-WOLS estimator is consistent when at least the treatment or the outcome model is correctly specified. Simulation studies support the theoretical robustness of the MI-WOLS estimator, demonstrating negligible bias, accurate sandwich-based variance estimation, and near-nominal coverage probability across a wide range of data-generating scenarios. An illustrative application using simulated data designed to reflect a real-world kidney function study further demonstrates the interpretability and practical feasibility of the method, offering a flexible, doubly robust alternative to existing singly robust estimators.

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