Demystifying and avoiding the OLS "weighting problem": Unmodeled heterogeneity and straightforward solutions
理解并避免 OLS 的“加权问题”:未建模的异质性与直接解决方案AI 解读 ↓
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理解并避免 OLS 的“加权问题”:未建模的异质性与直接解决方案AI 解读 ↓
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Researchers frequently estimate treatment effects by regressing outcomes (Y) on treatment (D) and covariates (X). Even without unobserved confounding, the coefficient on D yields a conditional-variance-weighted average of strata-wise effects, not the average treatment effect. Scholars have proposed characterizing the severity of these weights, evaluating resulting biases, or changing investigators' target estimand to the conditional-variance-weighted effect. We aim to demystify these weights, clarifying how they arise, what they represent, and how to avoid them. Specifically, these weights reflect misspecification bias from unmodeled treatment-effect heterogeneity. Rather than diagnosing or tolerating them, we recommend avoiding the issue altogether, by relaxing the standard regression assumption of "single linearity" to one of "separate linearity" (of each potential outcome in the covariates), accommodating heterogeneity. Numerous methods--including regression imputation (g-computation), interacted regression, and mean balancing weights--satisfy this assumption. In many settings, the efficiency cost to avoiding this weighting problem altogether will be modest and worthwhile.
Conditional distribution equality testing is a core problem with applications in causal inference, model diagnostics, and transfer learning. Existing methods often lose power when the conditioning variable is high-dimensional. We propose a new test that leverages generative models to compare conditional distributions using both observed data and synthetic samples. A sample-splitting and studentization scheme is introduced to control estimation error. Under the null, the test…
Factor models for longitudinal data, where policy adoption is unconfounded with respect to a low-dimensional set of latent factor loadings, have become increasingly popular for causal inference. Most existing approaches, however, rely on a causal finite-sample approach or computationally intensive methods, limiting their applicability and external validity. In this paper, we propose a novel method for panel causal inference within a super-population framework, based on…
预期高安慰剂反应时安慰剂对照随机试验的因果效应估计
In placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs), the placebo response significantly modifies treatment effects and diminishes the intention-to-treat (ITT) treatment effect, $Δ_{ITT}$. This study presents a novel two-stage framework for estimating the standardized causal treatment effect, $Δ_{STD}$, among the ITT population, under the assumption that their placebo responses are similar to the levels of self-administering medication at home. The first stage employs a…
Principal stratification (PS) is a commonly used approach for understanding the mechanisms through which a treatment affects an outcome. The goal of this work is to extend the PS framework to studies with continuous treatments, which introduces a number of both challenges and opportunities in terms of defining causal effects and performing inference. This manuscript provides multiple key methodological contributions: 1) we introduce principal causal estimands for continuous…
Background: Generalized Odds (Gen Odds) provide summaries for ordinal outcomes without requiring the proportional odds assumption. However, conventional Gen Odds compares independently drawn treatment and control outcomes and targets a population-level contrast rather than an individual-level contrast. We developed an individual-level causal formulation of Gen Odds and examined its identification. Methods: We defined the Causal Gen Odds using the joint distribution of…
We develop a semiparametric continuous time inferential framework for testing cumulative treatment effects, including both immediate and carryover effects. The latent state process is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose drift depends on state and treatment, while the observed data are noisy measurements of this latent state at irregular, multi resolution time points. We define the average treatment effect (ATE) as the difference of expected cumulative…