Exact Exploratory Bi-factor Analysis: A Constraint-based Optimisation Approach
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Bi-factor analysis is a form of confirmatory factor analysis widely used in psychological and educational measurement. The use of a bi-factor model requires the specification of an explicit bi-factor structure on the relationship between the observed variables and the group factors. In practice, the bi-factor structure is sometimes unknown, in which case an exploratory form of bi-factor analysis is needed to find the bi-factor structure. Unfortunately, there are few methods for exploratory bi-factor analysis, with the exception of a rotation-based method proposed in Jennrich and Bentler (2011, 2012). However, this method only finds approximate bi-factor structures, as it does not yield an exact bi-factor loading structure, even after applying hard thresholding. In this paper, we propose a constraint-based optimisation method that learns an exact bi-factor loading structure from data, overcoming the issue with the rotation-based method. The key to the proposed method is a mathematical characterisation of the bi-factor loading structure as a set of equality constraints, which allows us to formulate the exploratory bi-factor analysis problem as a constrained optimisation problem in a continuous domain and solve the optimisation problem with an augmented Lagrangian method. The power of the proposed method is shown via simulation studies and a real data example. Extending the proposed method to exploratory hierarchical factor analysis is also discussed. The codes are available on ``https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Bifactor-ALM-method-757D".
In this paper, we develop bootstrap methods for factor-augmented regressions with potentially weak common components, allowing signal eigenvalues to diverge at heterogeneous rates $N^{α_k}$, where $0<α_k\leq1$, $k=1,\ldots,r$. The regression estimator targets a rotation of the latent parameter vector that may be data dependent, while factor estimation can induce asymptotic bias. The proposed procedure directly constructs the rotation-specific target in the bootstrap world,…
Factor models for longitudinal data, where policy adoption is unconfounded with respect to a low-dimensional set of latent factor loadings, have become increasingly popular for causal inference. Most existing approaches, however, rely on a causal finite-sample approach or computationally intensive methods, limiting their applicability and external validity. In this paper, we propose a novel method for panel causal inference within a super-population framework, based on…
Schmelzer and Hastie prove that Markowitz's Critical Line Algorithm and the LASSO path trace the same curve. This companion note checks that result numerically with a stock LASSO solver, \texttt{lars\_path} from \texttt{scikit-learn}, and no portfolio software. It covers long--short portfolios under a leverage cap, fixed leverage with varying risk appetite, and the classical long-only, fully invested frontier. Every corner the path returns meets its own optimality conditions…
多因子线性资产定价模型 GMM 估计中的效率与定价精度权衡
Even though a multi-factor linear asset pricing model can be equivalently represented in a Beta or in a stochastic discount factor (SDF) form, its inferential efficiency and pricing accuracy features may differ when estimated by the generalized method of moments (GMM), both in small and in large samples. We derive the analytical asymptotic variance of the Beta and the SDF estimators under GMM and find that the SDF approach is likely to be less efficient but to yield more…
多层主效应矩阵因子模型
We propose a multilevel main effects matrix factor model (MMEFM) to extract meaningful row and column effects from groups of matrix data. As a generalization of a multilevel matrix factor model, we provide rigorous definitions of MMEFM and identifications, together with iterative algorithms for the estimators of all global and local components in the main effects and common component, including global/local main effects and core ranks, with rates of convergence spelt out. An…
Predict-then-optimize methods learn a mapping from features to unknown edge costs. They then solve the shortest-path problem on the predicted costs. We study a feature-free alternative for the case where the decision-maker observes many noisy cost vectors on a fixed network. The cost vectors are denoised by an eigenvalue decomposition (PCA) of their covariance matrix. Dijkstra's algorithm then runs on the result. We test this on the $5\times5$ grid of \citet{elmachtoub2022},…