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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要以替代标记上的处理效应逼近主要结局处理效应,并支持后续试验推断与决策,最直接关联因果推断。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Xuan Wang
Layla Parast
Lu Tian
Tianxi Cai

优化替代标记的使用以提高检验功效

研究问题
当后续试验无法及时获得主要结局时,如何变换替代标记以逼近主要结局的处理效应,并量化使用该标记进行决策的功效?
方法与思路
作者构造替代标记的最优变换,提出相对功效 RP 指标及非参数估计程序,推导渐近性质,并与处理效应解释比例 PTE 比较。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要提出将替代标记验证与后续试验决策联系起来的框架,通过模拟评估估计表现,并在糖尿病预防试验中考察两类替代标记。
阅读关注点
核对最优变换所对应的逼近准则、RP 的定义及估计方式,以及用旧试验信息支持后续试验决策所需的人群与替代关系条件。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审及期刊接收未核实;摘要未说明最优性的具体准则及适用条件,题名不能作为普遍提高功效的证据。

原文摘要

Motivated by increasing pressure for decision makers to shorten the time required to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment such that treatments deemed safe and effective can be made publicly available, there has been substantial recent interest in using an earlier or easier to measure surrogate marker, $S$, in place of the primary outcome, $Y$. To validate the utility of a surrogate marker in these settings, a commonly advocated measure is the proportion of treatment effect on the primary outcome that is explained by the treatment effect on the surrogate marker (PTE). Model based and model free estimators for PTE have also been developed. While this measure is very intuitive, it does not directly address the important questions of how $S$ can be used to make inference of the unavailable $Y$ in the next phase clinical trials. In this paper, to optimally use the information of surrogate S, we provide a framework for deriving an optimal transformation of $S$, $g_{opt}(S)$, such that the treatment effect on $g_{opt}(S)$ maximally approximates the treatment effect on $Y$ in a certain sense. Based on the optimally transformed surrogate, $g_{opt}(S)$, we propose a new measure to quantify surrogacy, the relative power (RP), and demonstrate how RP can be used to make decisions with $S$ instead of $Y$ for next phase trials. We propose nonparametric estimation procedures, derive asymptotic properties, and compare the RP measure with the PTE measure. Finite sample performance of our estimators is assessed via a simulation study. We illustrate our proposed procedures using an application to the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) clinical trial to evaluate the utility of hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose as surrogate markers for diabetes.

笔记与分组