Learning Fair Decisions with Factor Models: Applications to Annuity Pricing
利用因子模型学习公平决策:年金定价应用AI 解读 ↓
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利用因子模型学习公平决策:年金定价应用AI 解读 ↓
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Fairness-aware statistical learning is essential for mitigating discrimination against protected attributes such as gender, race, and ethnicity in data-driven decision-making. This is particularly critical in high-stakes applications like insurance underwriting and annuity pricing, where biased business decisions can have significant financial and social consequences. Factor models are commonly used in these domains for risk assessment and pricing; however, their predictive outputs may inadvertently introduce or amplify bias. To address this, we propose a Fair Decision Model that incorporates fairness regularization to mitigate outcome disparities. Specifically, the model is designed to ensure that expected decision errors are balanced across demographic groups - a criterion we refer to as Decision Error Parity. We apply this framework to annuity pricing based on mortality modelling. An empirical analysis using Australian mortality data demonstrates that the Fair Decision Model can significantly reduce decision error disparity while also improving predictive accuracy compared to benchmark models, including both traditional and fair factor models.
利用公司特征的机器学习非对称贝塔预测
We demonstrate that machine learning methods provide a powerful framework for modelling conditional asymmetric risk. Using a large cross-section of US stocks and a comprehensive set of firm characteristics, we show that allowing for nonlinearities significantly increases the out-of-sample performance across a wide range of asymmetric beta measures and forecasting horizons. Trading frictions, followed by characteristics related to intangibles, momentum and growth, emerge as…
含交互固定效应的高维面板数据模型:估计与推断
We develop new econometric methods for estimation and inference in high-dimensional panel data models with interactive fixed effects. Our approach can be regarded as a non-trivial extension of the very popular common correlated effects (CCE) approach. Roughly speaking, we proceed as follows: We first construct a projection device to eliminate the unobserved factors from the model by applying a dimensionality reduction transform to the matrix of cross-sectionally averaged…
交互固定效应高维面板模型的估计与推断
We develop new econometric methods for estimation and inference in high‐dimensional panel data models with interactive fixed effects. Our approach can be regarded as a nontrivial extension of the very popular common correlated effects (CCE) approach. Roughly speaking, we proceed as follows: We first construct a projection device to eliminate the unobserved factors from the model by applying a dimensionality reduction transform to the matrix of cross‐sectionally averaged…
时变风险溢价下用于股票收益预测的惩罚两步回归
We develop a penalized two-pass regression with time-varying factor loadings. The penalization in the first pass enforces sparsity for the time-variation drivers while also maintaining compatibility with the no-arbitrage restrictions by regularizing appropriate groups of coefficients. The second pass delivers risk premia estimates to predict equity excess returns. Our Monte Carlo results and our empirical results on a large cross-sectional data set of US individual stocks…
利用时变风险溢价预测股票收益的惩罚两步回归
We develop a penalized two-pass regression with time-varying factor loadings. The penalization in the first pass enforces sparsity for the time-variation drivers while also maintaining compatibility with the no-arbitrage restrictions by regularizing appropriate groups of coefficients. The second pass delivers risk premia estimates to predict equity excess returns. Our Monte Carlo results and our empirical results on a large cross-sectional data set of US individual stocks…
高维因子定价模型的柯西聚合岭检验
In high-dimensional factor pricing models, the power of regularized alpha tests depends on the ridge parameter, whose optimal value varies with the unknown direction of pricing errors. We address this tuning uncertainty by combining ridge-specific p-values using the Cauchy rule. The resulting test retains the least-squares alpha estimator and residual sample covariance and accommodates more assets than observations. We establish the joint Gaussian limits of the component…