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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要直接讨论非随机处理分配、未观测偏差以及处理与对照比较的敏感性,属于因果推断的识别边界分析。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Paul R. Rosenbaum
Abba M. Krieger

观察性研究中双样本置换推断的敏感性

研究问题
观察性研究中处理分配并非随机时,未观测协变量导致的分配机会差异会怎样改变双组置换检验及置信区间?
方法与思路
作者把随机化参照分布嵌入包含未观测协变量的单参数偏离族,通过改变参数展示显著性水平和区间的敏感性。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要提出未匹配双样本情形的敏感性展示方法,可用于多种秩检验、生存检验和二元响应检验,并展示比较间的敏感性差异。
阅读关注点
应核对敏感性参数如何约束处理分配、显著性与区间如何计算,以及未匹配情形和先前匹配方法的技术区别。
阅读边界
仅据 OpenAlex 索引摘要,版本未注明。敏感性分析不等于消除未观测混杂;参数的具体定义及计算条件摘要未说明,不能推断刊本变化。

原文摘要

In observational studies, subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment or control, so they may differ in their chances of receiving the treatment. A simple method is developed and demonstrated for displaying the sensitivity of conventional two-group permutation inferences to departures from random assignment of treatments. The unmatched case, discussed here, differs in certain technical and computational details from the matched case, discussed previously; however, the underlying model and the method for quantifying departures from randomization are the same. The method may be applied to Wilcoxon's rank sum test, the Gehan and log-rank tests for censored outcomes, Mantel's test for scored categories, and Fisher's exact test for binary responses. The method embeds the usual randomization reference distribution in a one-parameter family of departures involving an unobserved covariate that would have been controlled by adjustments had it been observed. As this parameter is varied, the sensitivity of permutational significance levels and confidence intervals is displayed. Brief discussion of an example shows that comparisons vary considerably in their degree of sensitivity to unobserved biases.

笔记与分组