Structured Semiparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects with Treatment-Specific Non-Gaussian Error Distributions
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处理组特异非高斯误差下平均处理效应的结构化半参数估计AI 解读 ↓
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This paper studies average treatment effect (ATE) estimation for continuous outcomes when the treatment-covariate mean is structured but the error distributions are unknown and may differ across treatment arms in scale, skewness, or tail behavior. We introduce a semiparametric model with a finite-dimensional mean, or a prespecified basis expansion, and separate unrestricted additive error laws for treated and control outcomes. The central theoretical contribution is the ATE-efficient influence function under two treatment-specific error nuisance spaces: it combines arm-specific regression-efficient scores with variation in the marginal covariate law and is distinct from both the unrestricted AIPW gradient and a pooled location-shift score. We establish the exact nested ordering of the efficiency bounds under pooled common-error, treatment-specific-error, and unrestricted causal models, including equality conditions. A local-misspecification result further shows that the variance reduction obtained by valid pooling equals the maximal squared first-order bias incurred along unit treatment-specific directions excluded by the pooled model. We develop efficient cross-fitted plug-in and ATE-targeted implementations requiring only two one-dimensional density estimates; the targeted refinement adds a scalar update. Simulations show substantial precision gains from valid pooling under common non-Gaussian errors and protection against invalid pooling when treatment changes error shape, including under weak positivity. Applications to ACTG175 and National Supported Work data illustrate the resulting precision--robustness tradeoff for irregular continuous outcomes.
We develop a semiparametric continuous time inferential framework for testing cumulative treatment effects, including both immediate and carryover effects. The latent state process is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose drift depends on state and treatment, while the observed data are noisy measurements of this latent state at irregular, multi resolution time points. We define the average treatment effect (ATE) as the difference of expected cumulative…
嵌套工具变量分析:转换者平均处理效应及可推广性
Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used to estimate causal effects from non-randomized data. A canonical example is a randomized trial with noncompliance, in which the randomized treatment assignment serves as an IV for the non-ignorable treatment received. Under a monotonicity assumption, a valid IV nonparametrically identifies the average treatment effect among a latent complier subgroup, whose generalizability is often under debate. In many studies, there exist…
We study nonparametric inference for a continuous-treatment causal dose-response curve and its first derivative under unmeasured confounding, using treatment- and outcome-inducing proxies. We establish a proximal doubly robust pseudo-outcome whose conditional mean given treatment equals the dose-response curve whenever either bridge function is correctly specified. Their (smoothed) efficient influence function representations lead to cross-fitted local-polynomial estimators…
前门模型下因果效应的灵活非参数推断
Abstract Evaluating causal treatment effects in observational studies requires addressing confounding. While the back-door criterion enables identification through adjustment for observed covariates, it fails in the presence of unmeasured confounding. The front-door criterion offers an alternative by leveraging variables that fully mediate the treatment effect and are unaffected by unmeasured confounders of the treatment-outcome pair. We develop novel one-step and targeted…
使用 AI 学习表征的实用双重机器学习
Text, images, and other rich covariates are increasingly compressed into AI-learned representations and then used as controls in causal analysis. We study when this approach is valid and develop a practical framework for causal inference with learned representations. For a broad class of estimands, an imperfect representation distorts the target causal parameter by the product of two representation errors: one in the outcome regression and one in the balancing weight (or…
The bootstrap is widely used to construct confidence intervals but may perform poorly for some estimators. We consider semiparametric estimators that use cross-validation to estimate nuisance pa- rameters and can be computationally expensive in large datasets. We illustrate potential problems with bootstrapping with replacement when cross-validation is used and extend the cheap bootstrap confidence interval to subsampling without replacement for asymptotically linear…