On the minimax robustness against correlation and heteroscedasticity of ordinary least squares among generalized least squares estimates of regression
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Summary We revisit a result according to which certain functions of covariance matrices are maximized at scalar multiples of the identity matrix. In a statistical context in which such functions measure loss, this says that the least favourable form of dependence is in fact independence, so that a procedure optimal for independent and identically distributed data can be minimax. In particular, the ordinary least squares estimate of a correctly specified regression response is minimax among generalized least squares estimates, when the maximum is taken over certain classes of error covariance structures and the loss function possesses a natural monotonicity property. In regression models whose response function is possibly misspecified, ordinary least squares is minimax if the design is uniform on its support, but this often fails otherwise. An investigation of the interplay between minimax generalized least squares procedures and minimax designs leads us to extend, to robustness against dependencies, an existing observation: that robustness against model misspecifications is increased by splitting replicates into clusters of observations at nearby locations.
In this paper, we develop bootstrap methods for factor-augmented regressions with potentially weak common components, allowing signal eigenvalues to diverge at heterogeneous rates $N^{α_k}$, where $0<α_k\leq1$, $k=1,\ldots,r$. The regression estimator targets a rotation of the latent parameter vector that may be data dependent, while factor estimation can induce asymptotic bias. The proposed procedure directly constructs the rotation-specific target in the bootstrap world,…
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Conditional distribution equality testing is a core problem with applications in causal inference, model diagnostics, and transfer learning. Existing methods often lose power when the conditioning variable is high-dimensional. We propose a new test that leverages generative models to compare conditional distributions using both observed data and synthetic samples. A sample-splitting and studentization scheme is introduced to control estimation error. Under the null, the test…
Factor models for longitudinal data, where policy adoption is unconfounded with respect to a low-dimensional set of latent factor loadings, have become increasingly popular for causal inference. Most existing approaches, however, rely on a causal finite-sample approach or computationally intensive methods, limiting their applicability and external validity. In this paper, we propose a novel method for panel causal inference within a super-population framework, based on…
Normality pre-tests on reduced-form innovations cannot detect whether two or more underlying structural shocks are Gaussian, and hence cannot detect a failure of identification in non-Gaussian SVARs. We propose a bootstrap-based approach that reveals such a failure. Under the null of valid identification and certain regularity conditions, the conditional bootstrap distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of the impact matrix is asymptotically normal, so the…
结合 model-X knockoffs 与 p 值的高维线性模型 FDR 控制
We propose a novel multiple testing methodology for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) in high-dimensional linear models that integrates model-X knockoff techniques with debiased penalized regression estimators. At the foundation of our methodology, we construct and study two sets of naturally paired high-dimensional test statistics and the associated $p$-values for evaluating the same null hypotheses. The first set is shown to be asymptotically mutually independent,…
Principal stratification (PS) is a commonly used approach for understanding the mechanisms through which a treatment affects an outcome. The goal of this work is to extend the PS framework to studies with continuous treatments, which introduces a number of both challenges and opportunities in terms of defining causal effects and performing inference. This manuscript provides multiple key methodological contributions: 1) we introduce principal causal estimands for continuous…