Rate-optimal perturbation bounds for singular subspaces with applications to high-dimensional statistics
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Perturbation bounds for singular spaces, in particular Wedin’s $\mathop{\mathrm{sin}}\nolimits \Theta$ theorem, are a fundamental tool in many fields including high-dimensional statistics, machine learning and applied mathematics. In this paper, we establish separate perturbation bounds, measured in both spectral and Frobenius $\mathop{\mathrm{sin}}\nolimits \Theta$ distances, for the left and right singular subspaces. Lower bounds, which show that the individual perturbation bounds are rate-optimal, are also given. The new perturbation bounds are applicable to a wide range of problems. In this paper, we consider in detail applications to low-rank matrix denoising and singular space estimation, high-dimensional clustering and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In particular, separate matching upper and lower bounds are obtained for estimating the left and right singular spaces. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result that gives different optimal rates for the left and right singular spaces under the same perturbation.
Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) is a popular Bayesian ensemble model used in regression and classification analysis. Under this modeling framework, the regression function is approximated by an ensemble of decision trees, interpreted as weak learners. In this work, we propose a generalization of the BART model that has two main features: first, it automatically selects the number of decision trees using the given data; second, the model allows clusters of…
The conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is frequently estimated in clinical studies to refute a homogeneous treatment effect hypothesis. Under this regime, all patients making up the population experience identical benefit from a given treatment relative to a comparator. Uncovering heterogeneous treatment effects through inference about the CATE, however, requires that covariates truly modifying the treatment effect be reliably collected at baseline. CATE-based…
TMLE 与 AIPW 中样本分割选择何时重要:交叉拟合、目标化与重复
Variants of targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) and augmented inverse-probability weighting (AIPW) with machine-learning nuisance models differ in which observations train them, how bias is corrected, and whether splits are repeated. In known-truth simulations of a binary-outcome average treatment effect, eight headline estimators shared each setting's library, inner folds and truncation bound; coverage differences were judged against a prespecified…
跨疾病临床治疗指标的关联:基于 SEER-Medicare 的深度神经网络分析
In outcomes research, clinical treatment measures are routinely analyzed. Most existing studies focus on individual diseases, and increasing recent evidence suggests that clinical treatment measures of different diseases can be “correlated” (or interconnected). Existing studies on such interconnections are usually limited to a small number of diseases. In this study, for U.S. older patients with common cancers, we complement the existing literature and conduct a pan-disease…
嵌套工具变量分析:转换者平均处理效应及可推广性
Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used to estimate causal effects from non-randomized data. A canonical example is a randomized trial with noncompliance, in which the randomized treatment assignment serves as an IV for the non-ignorable treatment received. Under a monotonicity assumption, a valid IV nonparametrically identifies the average treatment effect among a latent complier subgroup, whose generalizability is often under debate. In many studies, there exist…
Traditional machine learning relies on explicit models and domain assumptions, often limiting flexibility and interpretability. We introduce a "model-free" framework of instance-based learning using surprisal (information theoretic uncertainty) to directly analyze and perform inferences from raw data, eliminating distribution modeling, reducing bias, and enabling efficient updates including direct edits and deletion of training data. By quantifying relevance through…