Sample splitting for valid statistical inference in target trial emulations
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\noindent Target trial emulation has improved comparative effectiveness research by making the causal question, assumptions, and analysis plan explicit. However, target trial protocols are usually developed iteratively. That is, after examining the data, investigators revise the protocol to reflect which target trials the observational data can realistically support. This iterative procedure is part of normal scientific practice, but it raises concerns about selective choices and invalid statistical inference. A simple procedure based on sample splitting addresses the concerns about valid inference. In the initial split, investigators can explore the data to define a target trial protocol. When these choices are made, the target trial protocol is implemented on the second split. Even though the investigators used the data to select the target trial protocol, the statistical inference has the usual coverage guarantees. The procedure intentionally mirrors how trialists move from pilot studies to a phase 3 trial. First, they use data from pilots and early-phase trials to decide on a final protocol. Then they implement this protocol and analyze a new set of data in a phase 3 trial.