When Treatments Spill Over: A Neural Framework for Spatiotemporal Causal Effect Estimation
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当处理发生溢出:时空因果效应估计的神经网络框架AI 解读 ↓
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Real-world public health policies are often enacted by local jurisdictions, but their effects can ripple through connected populations. For causal evaluation, this creates a difficult spatiotemporal problem: intermittent policy updates create path-level treatments, and because spillover depends on neighboring treatment paths along with the focal-unit's own history, controlling time-varying confounding requires high-dimensional, multimodal information from both sources. To address this challenge, we develop a neural spatiotemporal spillover framework that extends potential-outcome causal analysis to networked policy-systems with unit-level effects and structured interference. The framework indexes each unit's potential outcomes through own-treatment and neighborhood spillover-exposure paths, yielding direct, spillover, and total effects. We introduce an LSTM-based representation-learning encoder that integrates each unit's own and neighborhood histories into compact sequential summaries for downstream modeling and causal estimation. These summaries feed a self-normalized kernel inverse-probability-weighting estimator for continuous spillover exposure. Beyond theoretical guarantees, simulations show improved performance over outcome-regression baselines; in a practically motivated county-level COVID-19 policy study, the framework finds both business-and-economic restrictions and education-and-childcare policies associated with lower subsequent case burden, with larger estimates for business-and-economic restrictions. Overall, it provides a scalable, policy-interpretable framework for evaluating unit-level effects in high-dimensional, multimodal spatiotemporal systems when interventions spill over across space and time.