Robustness of One-and Two-Sample Rank Tests Against Gross Errors
单样本与双样本秩检验对粗大误差的稳健性AI 解读 ↓
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单样本与双样本秩检验对粗大误差的稳健性AI 解读 ↓
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The classical nonparametric hypotheses of symmetry and equality of distribution functions are extended to hypotheses of approximate symmetry and approximate equality, by allowing for gross errors, which is indispensable for practical applications. It is shown that for these hypotheses one- and two-sample rank statistics maintain their distribution freeness, which now refers to their stochastically extreme laws. These laws are evaluated asymptotically, also under similarly extended alternatives, in the author's previous local framework, which has not yet covered rank statistics due to a subtle asymptotic fine structure of infinitesimal neighborhoods. Consequences on asymptotic maximum size, minimum power and relative efficiency of rank tests are drawn. In particular, it is shown that if the scores are unbounded, then rank tests fail completely; and by suitable truncation of the classically optimal scores, an asymptotic maximin rank test is obtained.
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In spatial observational studies, treatment assignment and outcomes often exhibit spatial dependence patterns, and treatment effects may vary across space and subpopulations due to both measured and unmeasured spatially structured confounders. Accounting for spatial dependence while estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is a central task in spatial causal inference. Causal Bayesian additive regression tree methods are popular nonparametric methods for modeling…