Choice Models and Permutation Invariance: Demand Estimation in Differentiated Products Markets
选择模型与置换不变性:差异化产品市场的需求估计AI 解读 ↓
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选择模型与置换不变性:差异化产品市场的需求估计AI 解读 ↓
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Choice modeling is at the core of understanding how changes to the competitive landscape affect consumer choices and reshape market equilibria. In this paper, we propose a fundamental characterization of choice functions that encompasses a wide variety of extant choice models. We demonstrate how non-parametric estimators like neural nets can easily approximate such functionals and overcome the curse of dimensionality that is inherent in the non-parametric estimation of choice functions. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that our proposed functionals can flexibly capture underlying consumer behavior in a completely data-driven fashion and outperform traditional parametric models. As demand settings often exhibit endogenous features, we extend our framework to incorporate estimation under endogenous features. Further, we also describe a formal inference procedure to construct valid confidence intervals on objects of interest like price elasticity. Finally, to assess the practical applicability of our estimator, we utilize a real-world dataset from S. Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (1995). Our empirical analysis confirms that the estimator generates realistic and comparable own- and cross-price elasticities that are consistent with the observations reported in the existing literature.
有序随机效用模型中参数假设的可检验含义
We establish the testable implications of ordered random utility models under nonparametric, semi-nonparametric, and parametric assumptions. After characterizing these models in a continuous setting and in the absence of fundamental parametric restrictions, we show that assumptions about the type distribution alone are immaterial, while assumptions about the map linking types to utilities are relevant only insofar as they restrict the class of utilities at stake.…
BLP 模型中的条件矩估计与推断
The random-coefficient demand model of Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (1995) is commonly estimated by the generalized method of moments (GMM), using an unconditional moment restriction with a fixed set of instruments. Identification of the model, however, rests on a conditional moment restriction. The two are not equivalent: the unconditional restriction may admit additional parameter values. We construct a counterexample in which the model is identified by the conditional…
从密集网格到有效推断:非参数随机系数模型的正则化偏差处理
This paper develops an inference procedure for average functionals of random-coefficient distributions, such as mean willingness-to-pay and average elasticities, when the distribution is estimated nonparametrically using the penalized fixed-grid estimator of Heiss, Hetzenecker, and Osterhaus (2022). We establish asymptotic normality of the corresponding penalized plug-in estimator centered at the functional evaluated at the penalized pseudo-true value and propose a…
从联合分析数据学习偏好:结构模型与深度学习的混合方法
Conjoint experiments randomize multidimensional profiles, yet political science applications typically report only nonparametric averages that do not recover counterfactual choices or individual tradeoffs. We develop a hybrid structural approach for recovering individual preferences from conjoint data. The estimator combines a flexible machine-learning mean preference function, via a deep netural network in our applications, with respondent-level empirical-Bayes updating in…
存在非均衡行为的不完全信息离散博弈的非参数识别
ABSTRACT This paper studies empirical discrete‐choice games with incomplete information under nonparametric specifications of both the payoff function and the distribution of private information. It relaxes the standard global equilibrium assumption —under which players follow equilibrium strategies for all realizations of the control variables—and introduces a weaker local equilibrium assumption that requires the equilibrium restriction only for some, but not all,…
结合控制函数的准贝叶斯估计与推断
This paper introduces a quasi-Bayesian method that integrates frequentist nonparametric estimation with Bayesian inference in a two-stage process. Applied to an endogenous discrete choice model, the approach first uses kernel or sieve estimators to estimate the control function nonparametrically, followed by Bayesian methods to estimate the structural parameters. This combination leverages the advantages of both frequentist tractability for nonparametric estimation and…