Prediction decomposition for causal analysis
用于因果分析的预测分解AI 解读 ↓
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用于因果分析的预测分解AI 解读 ↓
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There is rising interest in using Machine Learning (ML) model predictions as outcomes in causal analysis. However, these methods have faced challenges in finding the true treatment effects. It is also challenging to make choices about which prediction models to choose, since we are interested not only in the accuracy of the prediction but in its ability to produce the correct causal effect in the analysis. In this paper I propose a decomposition of the prediction into between-unit prediction ($η_μ$), within-unit-across-time prediction ($η_ε$), and counterfactual-treatment-effect prediction ($η_T$). I show that the counterfactual-treatment-effect component is the one that determines whether the model recovers the true treatment effect, but only the first two components can be estimated from non-experimental data. I argue that within-unit-across-time prediction accuracy ($η_ε$) is a structurally better proxy for the counterfactual-treatment-effect component ($η_T$) than overall prediction accuracy, and propose a metric to estimate it from panel data with at least two time periods. This metric serves as a diagnostic and model-selection tool for choosing ML models for causal analysis. Under the stronger assumption that $η_T \approx η_ε$, it also enables constructing an approximately unbiased estimate of the treatment effect. I develop the theoretical framework and illustrate it with simulations of synthetic data.
This paper presents a causal decision framework for list-price elasticities in intermediated retail channels, where estimates are confounded by promotions, competitor moves and shopkeeper pass-through. Rather than forcing a number when the evidence is ambiguous, the system treats abstention (Wait) as an active diagnostic output. Built on Double Machine Learning and conformal prediction, it evaluates whether conditions exist to act on a recommended price or whether…
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Causal inference plays a fundamental role in various real-world applications. However, in the motivating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) study, it is challenging to estimate the treatment effect of chemotherapy on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). First, the heterogeneous treatment effects vary across patient subgroups defined by baseline characteristics. Second, there exists a broad set of demographic, clinical and molecular variables act as potential confounders. Third,…
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We introduce a novel framework for causal inference in dynamic panel data that extends the cross-sectional Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML) approach. The method rests on a partially linear dynamic panel model with two-way fixed effects for potential outcomes and readily accommodates binary, multi-valued, or continuous treatments. To translate potential outcome models into an estimable form, we introduce dynamic conditional independence assumptions. By integrating…
固定效应因果森林中的异质性衰减及交叉拟合校正
Causal forests that estimate conditional average treatment effects by averaging honest leaf-level effects across trees are widely used in fixed-effects panel settings. We show that this averaging systematically attenuates the estimated heterogeneity: the raw prediction behaves like a + b*tau(x) with slope b < 1, so the spread of the CATEs is compressed toward the average effect, and the additive recentering used to report an unbiased average treatment effect does not fix it.…