Russian roulette: the need for stochastic potential outcomes when utilities depend on counterfactuals
俄罗斯轮盘赌:效用依赖反事实时为何需要随机潜在结果AI 解读 ↓
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Summary It has been proposed in medical decision analysis to express the ‘first, do no harm’ principle as an asymmetric utility function in which the loss from killing a patient would count more than the gain from saving a life. Such a utility depends on unrealized potential outcomes, and we show how this yields a paradoxical decision recommendation in a simple hypothetical example involving games of Russian roulette. The problem is resolved if we abandon the stable unit treatment value assumption and allow the potential outcomes to be random variables. This leads us to conclude that, if you are interested in this sort of asymmetric utility function, you need to move to the stochastic potential outcome framework. We discuss the implications of the choice of parameterization in this setting.