Simulation-Free Bayesian Power and Sample Size Calculations for Bayes Factors in Single-Arm Phase II Trials with Binary Endpoints
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Bayes factors provide a coherent Bayesian measure of evidence for competing hypotheses and have recently been used as the basis for single-arm phase II trial designs with binary endpoints. In contrast to classical power analyses based on test statistics and p-values, Bayes-factor based sample size calculations target high probabilities of obtaining compelling evidence either for a relevant treatment effect or for the null hypothesis, given pre-specified Bayes-factor thresholds. This paper explains how to design single-arm phase II binomial trials using Bayes factors with a focus on simulation-free calibration of Bayesian and frequentist power, type-I-error, and the probability of compelling evidence for the null. Two oncology-motivated examples illustrate the approach and are implemented in the bfbin2arm R package, with code provided in an appendix. The methodology fits naturally into current efforts to innovate and modernize clinical trial design through Bayesian and adaptive methods.