GMM with Many Weak Moment Conditions and Nuisance Parameters: General Theory and Applications to Causal Inference
大量弱矩条件与干扰参数下的 GMM:一般理论及因果推断应用AI 解读 ↓
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大量弱矩条件与干扰参数下的 GMM:一般理论及因果推断应用AI 解读 ↓
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Weak identification arises in many statistical problems when key variables exhibit weak correlations-for example, when instrumental variables correlate weakly with treatment, or when proxy variables correlate weakly with unmeasured confounders. Under weak identification, standard estimation methods such as the generalized method of moments (GMM) can produce substantial bias, both in finite samples and asymptotically. This challenge is compounded in modern applications that require estimating many nuisance parameters. This paper develops a framework for estimation and inference of a finite-dimensional target parameter in general moment models with the number of weak moment conditions and nuisance parameters growing with sample size. We analyze a general two-step debiasing estimator that accommodates flexible, possibly nonparametric first-step estimation of nuisance parameters, in which Neyman orthogonality plays a more critical role in obtaining debiased inference than in conventional settings with strong identification. Under a many-weak-moment asymptotic regime, we establish the estimator's consistency and asymptotic normality. We provide high-level conditions for the general setting and demonstrate their application to two important special cases: inference with weak instruments and inference with weak proxies.
多弱工具变量下的非参数工具变量推断
We study inference on linear functionals in the nonparametric instrumental variable (NPIV) problem with a discretely-valued instrument under a many-weak-instruments asymptotic regime, where the number of instrument values grows with the sample size. A key motivating example is estimating long-term causal effects in a new experiment with only short-term outcomes, using past experiments to instrument for the effect of short- on long-term outcomes. Here, the assignment to a…
弱识别函数的强识别泛函推断
Abstract In a variety of applications, including nonparametric instrumental variable (NPIV) analysis, proximal causal inference under unmeasured confounding, and analysis of missing-not-at-random data with shadow variables, we are interested in inference on a continuous linear functional (e.g. average causal effects) of nuisance functions (e.g. NPIV regression) defined by conditional moment restrictions. These nuisance functions are often weakly identified, meaning the…
弱识别函数的强识别泛函推断
In a variety of applications, including nonparametric instrumental variable (NPIV) analysis, proximal causal inference under unmeasured confounding, and missing-not-at-random data with shadow variables, we are interested in inference on a continuous linear functional (e.g., average causal effects) of nuisance function (e.g., NPIV regression) defined by conditional moment restrictions. These nuisance functions are generally weakly identified, in that the conditional moment…
Two frequent approaches for identifying structural VARs are external instruments, which carry economic content but are often weak, and non-Gaussianity of the shocks, which provides statistical identification but carries no economic meaning. We combine the two strategies in a single generalized method of moments framework. This hybrid approach point-identifies the target shocks while also identifying the non-target shocks up to sign and ordering. Under suitable rank…
时间序列中的动态局部平均处理效应
This paper discusses identification, estimation, and inference on dynamic local average treatment effects (LATEs) in instrumental variables (IVs) settings. First, we show that compliers--observations whose treatment status is affected by the instrument--can be identified individually in time series data using smoothness assumptions and local comparisons of treatment assignments. Second, we show that this result enables not only better interpretability of IV estimates but…
Napkin 因果图下的因果推断
Unmeasured confounding can render identification strategies based on adjustment functionals invalid. We study the "Napkin" graph, a causal structure that encapsulates features of M-bias, instrumental variables, and classical back-door and front-door settings, yet identifies the average treatment effect through a nonstandard ratio of two g-formulas. We develop influence-function-based estimators for this functional, including doubly-robust one-step and targeted minimum…